#SampleID BarcodeSequence LinkerPrimerSequence LAB_PERSON_CONTACT TARGET_SUBFRAGMENT ASSIGNED_FROM_GEO LAB_PERSON EXPERIMENT_CENTER TITLE RUN_PREFIX AGE INVESTIGATION_TYPE HOST_COMMON_NAME DEPTH HOST_TAXID SUBMIT_TO_INSDC COMMON_NAME INCLUDES_TIMESERIES LONGITUDE BODY_SITE PROJECT_NAME ELEVATION RUN_DATE SEQUENCING_METH COLLECTION_DATE ALTITUDE RUN_LANE ENV_BIOME SEX PLATFORM FAMILY_RELATIONSHIP STUDY_CENTER COUNTRY FLXDATA_PUBLISHED STUDY_TITLE STUDY_ALIAS HOST_SUBJECT_ID ANONYMIZED_NAME TAXON_ID SAMPLE_CENTER NEWILLUMINADATAGENERATED PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR STUDY_DESCRIPTION AGE_UNIT MIENS_COMPLIANT STUDY_ID EXPERIMENT_DESIGN_DESCRIPTION Description_duplicate BODY_HABITAT RUN STUDY_ABSTRACT ENV_MATTER TARGET_GENE ENV_FEATURE KEY_SEQ BODY_PRODUCT AGE_IN_YEARS RUN_CENTER PCR_PRIMERS LIBRARY_CONSTRUCTION_PROTOCOL LATITUDE REGION SAMP_SIZE Description AmzC25teenF.418537 GTCACGACTATT CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_5_1_withindex_sequence 12.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -67.609 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 77.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_5 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina None GAZ:Venezuela n ggs282 ggs282 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 12 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 5.410833 5 0.01, g h18A.4.418403 GCTGTAGTATGC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_6_1_withindex_sequence 1.35 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 35.4 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 2564.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_6 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Twin1 GAZ:Malawi n ggs42 ggs42 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 1.35 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 -15.3 6 0.01, g USygt34.M.418823 GTAGCGCGAGTT CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_14_1_withindex_sequence 36.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_4 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Mother GAZ:United States of America n ggs390 ggs390 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 36 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 14 0.01, g USygt36.M.418734 TACCGCTAGTAG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_14_1_withindex_sequence 42.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_4 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Mother GAZ:United States of America n ggs394 ggs394 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 42 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 14 0.01, g AmzC1babyF1.418864 GTAGACTGCGTG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_5_1_withindex_sequence None mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -67.609 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 77.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_5 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Cousin GAZ:Venezuela n ggs273 ggs273 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces None CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 5.410833 5 0.01, g USygt31.M.418440 TAGACTGTACTC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_14_1_withindex_sequence 41.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_4 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Mother GAZ:United States of America n ggs387 ggs387 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 41 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 14 0.01, g AmzC32adltF.418671 TACAGTCTCATG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_6_1_withindex_sequence 20.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -67.609 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 77.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_6 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina None GAZ:Venezuela n ggs317 ggs317 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 20 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 5.410833 6 0.01, g TS186.418605 GTATGACTGGCT CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_1_1_withindex_sequence None mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_1 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Mother GAZ:United States of America y ggs133 ggs133 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces None CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 1 0.01, g h47B.1.418571 GTGAGGTCGCTA CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_7_1_withindex_sequence 0.6 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 35.4 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 2564.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_7 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Twin2 GAZ:Malawi n ggs86 ggs86 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 0.6 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 -15.3 7 0.01, g h60B.2.418433 GCTGTGTAGGAC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_3_1_withindex_sequence 2.05 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 35.3 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 2243.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_3 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Twin2 GAZ:Malawi n ggs90 ggs90 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 2.05 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 -16.002 3 0.01, g USygt8.M.418616 TACGTGTACGTG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_12_1_withindex_sequence 35.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_2 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Mother GAZ:United States of America n ggs334 ggs334 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 35 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 12 0.01, g USBldChld2.418414 GCTTACATCGAG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_11_1_withindex_sequence 4.5 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -105.27 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 1629.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_1 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Child GAZ:United States of America n ggs208 ggs208 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 4.5 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 40.01499 11 0.01, g USchp36Mom.418718 TAGCCTCTCTGC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_1_1_withindex_sequence 36.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -75.164 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 39.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_1 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Mother GAZ:United States of America n ggs138 ggs138 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 36 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 39.95234 1 0.01, g h279B.2.418514 GTAGATGCTTCG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_3_1_withindex_sequence 0.95 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 35.3 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 2991.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_3 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Twin2 GAZ:Malawi n ggs70 ggs70 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 0.95 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 -15.38 3 0.01, g h259M.1.418374 GGCGTACTGATG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_3_1_withindex_sequence None mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 35.3 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 2243.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_3 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Mother GAZ:Malawi n ggs61 ggs61 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces None CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 -16.002 3 0.01, g h85A.1.418700 TAGCGACATCTG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_4_1_withindex_sequence 0.76 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 35.3 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 2991.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_4 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Twin1 GAZ:Malawi n ggs100 ggs100 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 0.76 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 -15.38 4 0.01, g USygt25.T1.418406 GTGTGTGTCAGG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_14_1_withindex_sequence 14.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_4 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Twin1 GAZ:United States of America n ggs415 ggs415 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 14 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 14 0.01, g h68A.4.418806 GCTTGCGAGACA CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_11_1_withindex_sequence 1.7 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 35.4 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 2564.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_1 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Twin1 GAZ:Malawi n ggs93 ggs93 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 1.7 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 -15.3 11 0.01, g USygt52.M.418736 GTAGCTGACGCA CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_17_1_withindex_sequence 43.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_7 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Mother GAZ:United States of America n ggs511 ggs511 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 43 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 17 0.01, g AmzC11adltF1.418359 GTTCGCGTATAG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_6_1_withindex_sequence 37.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -67.609 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 77.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_6 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina SisterAdlt GAZ:Venezuela n ggs306 ggs306 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 37 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 5.410833 6 0.01, g USygt18.T2.418629 TAGCGGATCACG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_13_1_withindex_sequence 15.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_3 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Twin2 GAZ:United States of America n ggs367 ggs367 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 15 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 13 0.01, g USygt44.F.418709 TACTTCGCTCGC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_17_1_withindex_sequence 44.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_7 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Father GAZ:United States of America n ggs529 ggs529 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 44 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 17 0.01, g USygt48.F.418551 TACATCACCACA CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_17_1_withindex_sequence 41.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_7 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Father GAZ:United States of America n ggs499 ggs499 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 41 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 17 0.01, g USygt22.T1.418770 GTGTGCTATCAG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_13_1_withindex_sequence 15.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_3 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Twin1 GAZ:United States of America n ggs380 ggs380 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 15 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 13 0.01, g TS185.418675 GTACAAGAGTGA CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_1_1_withindex_sequence 24.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_1 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Twin2 GAZ:United States of America y ggs132 ggs132 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 24 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 1 0.01, g AmzC2chldM1.418776 GTAGCGCGAGTT CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_6_1_withindex_sequence 2.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -67.609 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 77.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_6 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Brother GAZ:Venezuela n ggs295 ggs295 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 2 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 5.410833 6 0.01, g USygt53.F.418830 GTCTCATGTAGG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_15_1_withindex_sequence 48.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_5 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Father GAZ:United States of America n ggs453 ggs453 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 48 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 15 0.01, g USygt45.M.418662 GTGAGGTCGCTA CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_15_1_withindex_sequence 53.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_5 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Mother GAZ:United States of America n ggs420 ggs420 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 53 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 15 0.01, g USygt35.T2.418689 GTCCATAGCTAG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_14_1_withindex_sequence 15.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_4 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Twin2 GAZ:United States of America n ggs391 ggs391 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 15 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 14 0.01, g TS8.418379 TAGATCCTCGAT CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_1_1_withindex_sequence 26.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_1 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Twin2 GAZ:United States of America y ggs122 ggs122 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 26 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 1 0.01, g AmzC2babyF.418803 GGCTATGACATC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_6_1_withindex_sequence 0.417 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -67.609 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 77.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_6 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Sister GAZ:Venezuela n ggs294 ggs294 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 0.417 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 5.410833 6 0.01, g Amz4chldM2.418774 GGTGCGTGTATG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_4_1_withindex_sequence 6.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -67.646 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 78.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_4 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Son GAZ:Venezuela n ggs233 ggs233 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 6 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 5.425833 4 0.01, g TS164.418396 TACGTGTACGTG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_1_1_withindex_sequence 25.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_1 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Twin2 GAZ:United States of America y ggs129 ggs129 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 25 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 1 0.01, g USygt9.T2.418652 TACGGTATGTCT CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_15_1_withindex_sequence 16.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_5 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Twin2 GAZ:United States of America n ggs430 ggs430 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 16 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 15 0.01, g USygt12.T2.418790 TAGCCTCTCTGC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_13_1_withindex_sequence 13.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_3 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Twin2 GAZ:United States of America n ggs359 ggs359 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 13 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 13 0.01, g USinfTw5.1.418422 GGACGTCACAGT CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_2_1_withindex_sequence 0.25 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_2 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Twin1 GAZ:United States of America n ggs168 ggs168 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 0.25 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 2 0.01, g USygt22.T2.418493 TACAGATGGCTC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_14_1_withindex_sequence 15.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_4 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Twin2 GAZ:United States of America n ggs408 ggs408 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 15 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 14 0.01, g USygt36.T2.418655 GTTAGAGCACTC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_14_1_withindex_sequence 13.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_4 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Twin2 GAZ:United States of America n ggs393 ggs393 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 13 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 14 0.01, g USchp18Child.418782 TAGACTGTACTC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_11_1_withindex_sequence 3.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -75.164 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 39.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_1 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Child GAZ:United States of America n ggs192 ggs192 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 3 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 39.95234 11 0.01, g USBldChld10.418660 TAGCATCGTGGT CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_11_1_withindex_sequence 1.3 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -105.27 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 1629.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_1 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Child GAZ:United States of America n ggs215 ggs215 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 1.3 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 40.01499 11 0.01, g Amz18chld.418680 GTCTCATGTAGG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_5_1_withindex_sequence 3.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -67.646 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 78.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_5 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina None GAZ:Venezuela n ggs267 ggs267 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 3 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 5.425833 5 0.01, g AmzC30adltF.418737 GTAGATGCTTCG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_6_1_withindex_sequence 38.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -67.609 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 77.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_6 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina None GAZ:Venezuela n ggs313 ggs313 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 38 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 5.410833 6 0.01, g h95A.1.418344 GTCTCATGTAGG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_4_1_withindex_sequence 1.25 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 35.3 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 2991.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_4 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Twin1 GAZ:Malawi n ggs104 ggs104 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 1.25 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 -15.38 4 0.01, g USygt15.T2.418859 GTGCACATTATC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_16_1_withindex_sequence 16.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_6 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Twin2 GAZ:United States of America n ggs466 ggs466 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 16 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 16 0.01, g USygt26.T2.418693 GGCGTACTGATG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_14_1_withindex_sequence 16.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_4 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Twin2 GAZ:United States of America n ggs381 ggs381 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 16 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 14 0.01, g USygt28.M.418808 GTATGTTGCTCA CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_16_1_withindex_sequence 47.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_6 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Mother GAZ:United States of America n ggs480 ggs480 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 47 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 16 0.01, g TS3.418472 GTAGTGTCTAGC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_1_1_withindex_sequence None mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_1 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Mother GAZ:United States of America y ggs117 ggs117 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces None CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 1 0.01, g USinfTw3.1.418387 GTGGCGATACAC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_1_1_withindex_sequence 0.17 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_1 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Twin1 GAZ:United States of America n ggs143 ggs143 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 0.17 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 1 0.01, g USinfTw5.2.418695 GTACTCTAGACT CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_2_1_withindex_sequence 0.25 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_2 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Twin2 GAZ:United States of America n ggs169 ggs169 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 0.25 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 2 0.01, g USygt50.T2.418852 GTCCATAGCTAG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_17_1_withindex_sequence 16.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_7 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Twin2 GAZ:United States of America n ggs504 ggs504 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 16 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 17 0.01, g Amz20chld.418556 GTTGACGACAGC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_4_1_withindex_sequence 4.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -67.646 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 78.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_4 ENVO:human-associated habitat unknown Illumina None GAZ:Venezuela n ggs229 ggs229 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 4 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 5.425833 4 0.01, g AmzC15infF.418468 GTGTCTACATTG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_5_1_withindex_sequence 0.75 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -67.609 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 77.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_5 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina None GAZ:Venezuela n ggs276 ggs276 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 0.75 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 5.410833 5 0.01, g Amz6teen.418569 GTATGCGCTGTA CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_5_1_withindex_sequence 14.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -67.646 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 78.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_5 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Granddaughter GAZ:Venezuela n ggs258 ggs258 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 14 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 5.425833 5 0.01, g USygt33.T1.418574 GGCTATGACATC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_14_1_withindex_sequence 14.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_4 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Twin1 GAZ:United States of America n ggs389 ggs389 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 14 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 14 0.01, g USygt40.F.418369 TACAGATGGCTC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_17_1_withindex_sequence 49.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_7 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Father GAZ:United States of America n ggs520 ggs520 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 49 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 17 0.01, g USygt12.T1.418615 GTACAAGAGTGA CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_16_1_withindex_sequence 13.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_6 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Twin1 GAZ:United States of America n ggs463 ggs463 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 13 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 16 0.01, g USygt12.M.418543 GCTTGCGAGACA CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_12_1_withindex_sequence 43.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_2 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Mother GAZ:United States of America n ggs335 ggs335 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 43 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 12 0.01, g USygt22.M.418388 TACTTACTGCAG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_14_1_withindex_sequence 50.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_4 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Mother GAZ:United States of America n ggs409 ggs409 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 50 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 14 0.01, g USchp33Mom.418698 GTTAGAGCACTC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_11_1_withindex_sequence 45.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -75.164 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 39.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_1 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Mother GAZ:United States of America n ggs198 ggs198 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 45 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 39.95234 11 0.01, g USygt30.T2.418609 TACTGCGACAGT CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_16_1_withindex_sequence 14.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_6 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Twin2 GAZ:United States of America n ggs484 ggs484 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 14 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 16 0.01, g USinfTw8.1.418366 TACTGCGACAGT CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_2_1_withindex_sequence 0.33 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_2 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Twin1 GAZ:United States of America n ggs174 ggs174 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 0.33 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 2 0.01, g h37S.1.418552 TAGTGTGCTTCA CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_12_1_withindex_sequence None mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 35.3 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 2243.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_2 ENVO:human-associated habitat unknown Illumina Sibling GAZ:Malawi n ggs84 ggs84 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces None CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 -16.002 12 0.01, g TS194.418607 GTGCACATTATC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_1_1_withindex_sequence 30.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_1 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Twin2 GAZ:United States of America y ggs135 ggs135 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 30 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 1 0.01, g USygt4.F.418451 GTATATCCGCAG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_13_1_withindex_sequence 54.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_3 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Father GAZ:United States of America n ggs345 ggs345 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 54 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 13 0.01, g USygt27.T2.418523 GTCTTCGTCGCT CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_14_1_withindex_sequence 13.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_4 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Twin2 GAZ:United States of America n ggs384 ggs384 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 13 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 14 0.01, g USinfTw1.1.418752 GCTTGCGAGACA CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_1_1_withindex_sequence 0.08 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_1 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Twin1 GAZ:United States of America n ggs139 ggs139 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 0.08 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 1 0.01, g h147A.4.418376 GTGGCGATACAC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_7_1_withindex_sequence 2.65 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 35.3 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 2991.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_7 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Twin1 GAZ:Malawi n ggs25 ggs25 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 2.65 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 -15.38 7 0.01, g USinfTw21.1.418467 TACTTCGCTCGC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_2_1_withindex_sequence 0.25 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_2 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Twin1 GAZ:United States of America n ggs189 ggs189 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 0.25 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 2 0.01, g AmzC12chldM.418512 TAGCGGATCACG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_5_1_withindex_sequence 4.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -67.609 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 77.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_5 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Son GAZ:Venezuela n ggs271 ggs271 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 4 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 5.410833 5 0.01, g USygt21.F.418579 GTACGGCATACG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_16_1_withindex_sequence 41.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_6 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Father GAZ:United States of America n ggs471 ggs471 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 41 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 16 0.01, g TS110.418428 GCTTACATCGAG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_1_1_withindex_sequence 28.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_1 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Twin2 GAZ:United States of America y ggs123 ggs123 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 28 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 1 0.01, g USygt32.M.418562 GTCTCTCTACGC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_16_1_withindex_sequence 35.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_6 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Mother GAZ:United States of America n ggs489 ggs489 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 35 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 16 0.01, g USinfTw15.1.418587 GTCACGACTATT CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_2_1_withindex_sequence 0.67 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_2 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Twin1 GAZ:United States of America n ggs178 ggs178 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 0.67 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 2 0.01, g h165S.1.418584 GTATGTTGCTCA CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_3_1_withindex_sequence None mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 35.3 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 2243.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_3 ENVO:human-associated habitat unknown Illumina Sibling GAZ:Malawi n ggs31 ggs31 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces None CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 -16.002 3 0.01, g AmzC7chldM.418599 TACAGATGGCTC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_5_1_withindex_sequence 10.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -67.609 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 77.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_5 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Son GAZ:Venezuela n ggs285 ggs285 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 10 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 5.410833 5 0.01, g h273A.2.418494 TACAGATGGCTC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_7_1_withindex_sequence 0.93 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 35.1 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 2889.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_7 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Twin1 GAZ:Malawi n ggs66 ggs66 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 0.93 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 -16.183 7 0.01, g USinfTw20.1.418640 GTGTGTGTCAGG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_2_1_withindex_sequence 0.08 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_2 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Twin1 GAZ:United States of America n ggs187 ggs187 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 0.08 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 2 0.01, g USygt9.M.418560 GTACAAGAGTGA CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_13_1_withindex_sequence 46.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_3 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Mother GAZ:United States of America n ggs353 ggs353 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 46 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 13 0.01, g h209A.2.418702 TACACACATGGC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_3_1_withindex_sequence 0.56 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 35.3 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 2243.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_3 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Twin1 GAZ:Malawi n ggs46 ggs46 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 0.56 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 -16.002 3 0.01, g USygt2.M.418457 GTGAGGTCGCTA CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_12_1_withindex_sequence 30.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_2 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Mother GAZ:United States of America n ggs324 ggs324 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 30 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 12 0.01, g Amz32eldF.418511 GCTTGCGAGACA CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_5_1_withindex_sequence 56.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -67.646 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 78.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_5 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina None GAZ:Venezuela n ggs256 ggs256 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 56 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 5.425833 5 0.01, g h273B.2.418501 TACTTACTGCAG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_7_1_withindex_sequence 0.93 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 35.1 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 2889.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_7 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Twin2 GAZ:Malawi n ggs67 ggs67 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 0.93 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 -16.183 7 0.01, g USinfTw12.2.418448 TAGCTCGTAACT CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_1_1_withindex_sequence 0.5 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_1 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Twin2 GAZ:United States of America n ggs152 ggs152 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 0.5 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 1 0.01, g USchp41Infant.418542 GGTATACGCAGC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_11_1_withindex_sequence 1.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -75.164 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 39.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_1 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Child GAZ:United States of America n ggs202 ggs202 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 1 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 39.95234 11 0.01, g USygt17.T1.418600 GTCTCATGTAGG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_13_1_withindex_sequence 14.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_3 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Twin1 GAZ:United States of America n ggs363 ggs363 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 14 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 13 0.01, g USygt46.F.418450 GTGGCGATACAC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_15_1_withindex_sequence 57.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_5 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Father GAZ:United States of America n ggs446 ggs446 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 57 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 15 0.01, g USinfTw10.1.418518 GTCAACGCGATG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_1_1_withindex_sequence 0.42 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_1 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Twin1 GAZ:United States of America n ggs147 ggs147 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 0.42 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 1 0.01, g USygt21.T1.418559 GGCAGTGTATCG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_13_1_withindex_sequence 15.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_3 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Twin1 GAZ:United States of America n ggs376 ggs376 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 15 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 13 0.01, g USygt33.M.418638 GTGTCTACATTG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_16_1_withindex_sequence 47.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_6 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Mother GAZ:United States of America n ggs490 ggs490 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 47 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 16 0.01, g USygt21.M.418797 GTCACGACTATT CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_13_1_withindex_sequence 39.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_3 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Mother GAZ:United States of America n ggs378 ggs378 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 39 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 13 0.01, g h301B.1.418486 GTCGACTCCTCT CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_12_1_withindex_sequence 0.05 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 35.4 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 2564.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_2 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Twin2 GAZ:Malawi n ggs74 ggs74 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 0.05 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 -15.3 12 0.01, g F3T2pre4.418583 GTACAAGAGTGA CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_11_1_withindex_sequence 23.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_1 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Twin2 GAZ:United States of America n ggs217 ggs217 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 23 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 11 0.01, g Amz14chld.418565 TACGCGCTGAGA CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_4_1_withindex_sequence 1.17 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -67.646 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 78.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_4 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina None GAZ:Venezuela n ggs230 ggs230 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 1.17 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 5.425833 4 0.01, g USygt51.F.418349 TAGTGCTGCGTA CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_17_1_withindex_sequence 57.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_7 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Father GAZ:United States of America n ggs509 ggs509 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 57 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 17 0.01, g h85M.1.418596 GTACTCTAGACT CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_4_1_withindex_sequence 28.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 35.3 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 2991.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_4 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Mother GAZ:Malawi n ggs102 ggs102 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 28 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 -15.38 4 0.01, g USinfTw7.2.418463 TACACACATGGC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_2_1_withindex_sequence 0.33 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_2 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Twin2 GAZ:United States of America n ggs173 ggs173 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 0.33 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 2 0.01, g USygt23.M.418612 GGCGACATGTAC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_14_1_withindex_sequence 49.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_4 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Mother GAZ:United States of America n ggs411 ggs411 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 49 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 14 0.01, g h121A.1.418420 TACGGTATGTCT CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_3_1_withindex_sequence 0.43 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 35.3 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 2243.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_3 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Twin1 GAZ:Malawi n ggs7 ggs7 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 0.43 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 -16.002 3 0.01, g USygt42.M.418663 TACGATGACCAC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_14_1_withindex_sequence 45.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_4 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Mother GAZ:United States of America n ggs402 ggs402 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 45 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 14 0.01, g USinfTw20.2.418696 TACAGTCTCATG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_2_1_withindex_sequence 0.08 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_2 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Twin2 GAZ:United States of America n ggs188 ggs188 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 0.08 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 2 0.01, g USygt6.T2.418728 GTTGTATACTCG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_15_1_withindex_sequence 15.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_5 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Twin2 GAZ:United States of America n ggs429 ggs429 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 15 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 15 0.01, g Amz13chld.418761 GTGGCGATACAC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_5_1_withindex_sequence 1.17 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -67.646 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 78.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_5 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina None GAZ:Venezuela n ggs260 ggs260 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 1.17 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 5.425833 5 0.01, g USygt19.M.418397 GTCTCTCTACGC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_13_1_withindex_sequence 43.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_3 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Mother GAZ:United States of America n ggs371 ggs371 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 43 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 13 0.01, g USygt54.AS.418858 GTCGTAGCCAGA CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_15_1_withindex_sequence 2.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_5 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina AdoptedSister GAZ:United States of America n ggs427 ggs427 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 2 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 15 0.01, g TS111.418684 GGTGCGTGTATG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_1_1_withindex_sequence 57.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_1 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Mother GAZ:United States of America y ggs124 ggs124 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 57 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 1 0.01, g USygt22.F.418477 GTATGCGCTGTA CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_16_1_withindex_sequence 50.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_6 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Father GAZ:United States of America n ggs472 ggs472 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 50 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 16 0.01, g USygt52.T1.418819 TAGATCCTCGAT CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_15_1_withindex_sequence 16.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_5 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Twin1 GAZ:United States of America n ggs423 ggs423 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 16 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 15 0.01, g USinfTw16.2.418641 TACAGATGGCTC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_2_1_withindex_sequence 0.75 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_2 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Twin2 GAZ:United States of America n ggs181 ggs181 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 0.75 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 2 0.01, g AmzC2chldM2.418482 GTCGACTCCTCT CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_6_1_withindex_sequence 4.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -67.609 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 77.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_6 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Brother GAZ:Venezuela n ggs304 ggs304 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 4 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 5.410833 6 0.01, g Amz31adlt.418759 GGTCGTAGCGTA CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_5_1_withindex_sequence 49.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -67.646 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 78.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_5 ENVO:human-associated habitat unknown Illumina None GAZ:Venezuela n ggs249 ggs249 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 49 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 5.425833 5 0.01, g USygt47.T2.418762 GTAGCAACGTCT CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_17_1_withindex_sequence 15.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_7 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Twin2 GAZ:United States of America n ggs495 ggs495 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 15 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 17 0.01, g h101B.3.418378 GTGATAGTGCCG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_3_1_withindex_sequence 1.53 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 35.3 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 2991.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_3 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Twin2 GAZ:Malawi n ggs2 ggs2 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 1.53 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 -15.38 3 0.01, g h47M.1.418653 GTTGACGACAGC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_7_1_withindex_sequence None mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 35.4 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 2564.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_7 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Mother GAZ:Malawi n ggs87 ggs87 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces None CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 -15.3 7 0.01, g USygt39.T1.418416 GTCACGACTATT CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_17_1_withindex_sequence 15.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_7 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Twin1 GAZ:United States of America n ggs517 ggs517 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 15 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 17 0.01, g USygt3.T2.418807 GTGATAGTGCCG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_15_1_withindex_sequence 14.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_5 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Twin2 GAZ:United States of America n ggs428 ggs428 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 14 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 15 0.01, g AmzC6chldM1.418778 GGTATACGCAGC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_6_1_withindex_sequence 4.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -67.609 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 77.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_6 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Son GAZ:Venezuela n ggs302 ggs302 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 4 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 5.410833 6 0.01, g h264A.2.418362 GGCTATGACATC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_3_1_withindex_sequence 0.8 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 35.3 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 2991.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_3 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Twin1 GAZ:Malawi n ggs63 ggs63 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 0.8 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 -15.38 3 0.01, g h235A.1.418717 GTCAACGCGATG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_3_1_withindex_sequence 0.67 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 35.3 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 2991.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_3 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Twin1 GAZ:Malawi n ggs52 ggs52 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 0.67 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 -15.38 3 0.01, g USygt26.M.418352 GTAGCAACGTCT CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_14_1_withindex_sequence 50.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_4 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Mother GAZ:United States of America n ggs382 ggs382 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 50 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 14 0.01, g Amz3chldM2.418434 GTCGCTGTCTTC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_4_1_withindex_sequence 4.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -67.646 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 78.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_4 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Brother GAZ:Venezuela n ggs227 ggs227 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 4 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 5.425833 4 0.01, g USygt10.T1.418683 GTATGACTGGCT CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_13_1_withindex_sequence 16.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_3 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Twin1 GAZ:United States of America n ggs354 ggs354 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 16 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 13 0.01, g h257M.1.418454 TACTGGACGCGA CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_3_1_withindex_sequence 23.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 35.3 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 2991.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_3 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Mother GAZ:Malawi n ggs57 ggs57 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 23 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 -15.38 3 0.01, g h279S.1.418358 GTCTGGATAGCG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_3_1_withindex_sequence None mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 35.3 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 2991.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_3 ENVO:human-associated habitat unknown Illumina Sibling GAZ:Malawi n ggs72 ggs72 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces None CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 -15.38 3 0.01, g USygt48.M.418794 GTGTTGCAGCAT CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_17_1_withindex_sequence 41.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_7 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Mother GAZ:United States of America n ggs498 ggs498 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 41 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 17 0.01, g USygt11.F.418661 GGTGCGTGTATG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_16_1_withindex_sequence 43.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_6 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Father GAZ:United States of America n ggs458 ggs458 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 43 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 16 0.01, g USchp11Child.418850 TAGTGCTGCGTA CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_11_1_withindex_sequence 6.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -75.164 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 39.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_1 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Child GAZ:United States of America n ggs201 ggs201 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 6 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 39.95234 11 0.01, g USygt27.F.418639 TACGTGTACGTG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_15_1_withindex_sequence 47.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_5 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Father GAZ:United States of America n ggs433 ggs433 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 47 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 15 0.01, g USinfTw2.2.418678 GTCTATCGGAGT CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_1_1_withindex_sequence 0.08 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_1 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Twin2 GAZ:United States of America n ggs142 ggs142 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 0.08 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 1 0.01, g h146A.4.418620 TACATCACCACA CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_3_1_withindex_sequence 2.21 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 35.3 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 2991.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_3 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Twin1 GAZ:Malawi n ggs22 ggs22 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 2.21 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 -15.38 3 0.01, g h165A.1.418855 TAGCGACATCTG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_7_1_withindex_sequence 0.44 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 35.3 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 2243.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_7 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Twin1 GAZ:Malawi n ggs28 ggs28 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 0.44 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 -16.002 7 0.01, g AmzC3babyF.418526 GTCCATAGCTAG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_6_1_withindex_sequence 0.5 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -67.609 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 77.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_6 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Daughter GAZ:Venezuela n ggs296 ggs296 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 0.5 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 5.410833 6 0.01, g h121S.1.418415 GCTTACATCGAG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_7_1_withindex_sequence None mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 35.3 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 2243.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_7 ENVO:human-associated habitat unknown Illumina Sibling GAZ:Malawi n ggs9 ggs9 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces None CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 -16.002 7 0.01, g USygt10.T2.418815 GTCTACACACAT CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_13_1_withindex_sequence 16.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_3 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Twin2 GAZ:United States of America n ggs355 ggs355 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 16 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 13 0.01, g AmzC6adltF.418525 GTGTTGCAGCAT CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_6_1_withindex_sequence 24.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -67.609 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 77.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_6 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Mother GAZ:Venezuela n ggs290 ggs290 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 24 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 5.410833 6 0.01, g USygt1.M.418373 GTAGTGTCTAGC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_12_1_withindex_sequence 54.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_2 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Mother GAZ:United States of America n ggs322 ggs322 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 54 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 12 0.01, g AmzC8adltM.418389 GTCATATCGTAC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_6_1_withindex_sequence 83.2 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -67.609 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 77.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_6 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Father GAZ:Venezuela n ggs314 ggs314 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 83.2 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 5.410833 6 0.01, g Amz17chld.418460 TAACAGTCGCTG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_4_1_withindex_sequence 2.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -67.646 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 78.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_4 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina None GAZ:Venezuela n ggs237 ggs237 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 2 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 5.425833 4 0.01, g USinfTw1.2.418491 GTACGGCATACG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_1_1_withindex_sequence 0.08 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_1 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Twin2 GAZ:United States of America n ggs140 ggs140 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 0.08 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 1 0.01, g USygt44.T1.418626 GTACGGCATACG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_15_1_withindex_sequence 15.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_5 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Twin1 GAZ:United States of America n ggs443 ggs443 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 15 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 15 0.01, g h85B.1.418749 GGACGTCACAGT CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_4_1_withindex_sequence 0.76 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 35.3 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 2991.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_4 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Twin2 GAZ:Malawi n ggs101 ggs101 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 0.76 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 -15.38 4 0.01, g AmzC26chldF.418710 GTCTGACAGTTG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_5_1_withindex_sequence 11.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -67.609 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 77.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_5 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina None GAZ:Venezuela n ggs283 ggs283 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 11 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 5.410833 5 0.01, g h259B.2.418617 GTAGAGCTGTTC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_7_1_withindex_sequence 0.11 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 35.3 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 2243.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_7 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Twin2 GAZ:Malawi n ggs60 ggs60 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 0.11 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 -16.002 7 0.01, g USygt29.M.418603 GTGTTGCAGCAT CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_14_1_withindex_sequence 52.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_4 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Mother GAZ:United States of America n ggs385 ggs385 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 52 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 14 0.01, g USchp50Infant.418380 GTCGACTCCTCT CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_11_1_withindex_sequence 1.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -75.164 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 39.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_1 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Child GAZ:United States of America n ggs204 ggs204 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 1 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 39.95234 11 0.01, g h35A.3.418524 GTAGTGTCTAGC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_6_1_withindex_sequence 1.89 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 35.1 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 2889.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_6 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Twin1 GAZ:Malawi n ggs79 ggs79 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 1.89 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 -16.183 6 0.01, g h9A.5.418658 GTCAACGCGATG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_4_1_withindex_sequence 2.02 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 35.3 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 2243.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_4 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Twin1 GAZ:Malawi n ggs108 ggs108 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 2.02 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 -16.002 4 0.01, g h305M.1.418771 TACTTCGCTCGC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_12_1_withindex_sequence 23.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 35.4 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 2564.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_2 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Mother GAZ:Malawi n ggs78 ggs78 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 23 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 -15.3 12 0.01, g h60M.1.418694 GGTCGTAGCGTA CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_3_1_withindex_sequence 27.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 35.3 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 2243.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_3 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Mother GAZ:Malawi n ggs91 ggs91 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 27 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 -16.002 3 0.01, g USBldChld7.418488 TAACAGTCGCTG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_11_1_withindex_sequence 3.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -105.27 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 1629.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_1 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Child GAZ:United States of America n ggs213 ggs213 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 3 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 40.01499 11 0.01, g USchp18Mom.418783 TAGTCGTCTAGT CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_11_1_withindex_sequence 40.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -75.164 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 39.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_1 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Mother GAZ:United States of America n ggs193 ggs193 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 40 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 39.95234 11 0.01, g USchp35Mom.418515 TAGAGAGAGTGG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_11_1_withindex_sequence 44.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -75.164 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 39.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_1 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Mother GAZ:United States of America n ggs200 ggs200 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 44 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 39.95234 11 0.01, g h78A.4.418851 GTCTATCGGAGT CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_11_1_withindex_sequence 1.89 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 35.3 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 2991.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_1 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Twin1 GAZ:Malawi n ggs96 ggs96 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 1.89 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 -15.38 11 0.01, g USchp1Mom.418814 GTAGCAACGTCT CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_2_1_withindex_sequence 24.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -75.164 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 39.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_2 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Mother GAZ:United States of America n ggs154 ggs154 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 24 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 39.95234 2 0.01, g USygt30.F.418729 TAGCGGATCACG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_16_1_withindex_sequence 50.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_6 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Father GAZ:United States of America n ggs485 ggs485 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 50 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 16 0.01, g USygt20.T1.418564 TACACGATCTAC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_13_1_withindex_sequence 14.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_3 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Twin1 GAZ:United States of America n ggs373 ggs373 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 14 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 13 0.01, g USygt19.T2.418432 GTCAACGCGATG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_13_1_withindex_sequence 14.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_3 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Twin2 GAZ:United States of America n ggs370 ggs370 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 14 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 13 0.01, g USygt11.T1.418632 TAACTCTGATGC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_13_1_withindex_sequence 13.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_3 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Twin1 GAZ:United States of America n ggs357 ggs357 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 13 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 13 0.01, g h181M.1.418631 TAGGTATCTCAC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_12_1_withindex_sequence None mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 35.4 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 2564.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_2 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Mother GAZ:Malawi n ggs35 ggs35 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces None CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 -15.3 12 0.01, g USygt6.M.418593 TAGCACACCTAT CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_13_1_withindex_sequence 44.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_3 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Mother GAZ:United States of America n ggs350 ggs350 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 44 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 13 0.01, g Amz25chld.418466 GTCTATCGGAGT CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_5_1_withindex_sequence 8.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -67.646 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 78.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_5 ENVO:human-associated habitat unknown Illumina None GAZ:Venezuela n ggs259 ggs259 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 8 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 5.425833 5 0.01, g AmzC11adltF2.418843 TACTTCGCTCGC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_6_1_withindex_sequence 23.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -67.609 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 77.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_6 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina SisterAdlt GAZ:Venezuela n ggs318 ggs318 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 23 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 5.410833 6 0.01, g h130A.4.418604 GTGCAATCGACG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_7_1_withindex_sequence 2.39 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 35.3 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 2991.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_7 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Twin1 GAZ:Malawi n ggs15 ggs15 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 2.39 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 -15.38 7 0.01, g USygt42.T1.418811 GTTCGCGTATAG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_14_1_withindex_sequence 14.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_4 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Twin1 GAZ:United States of America n ggs401 ggs401 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 14 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 14 0.01, g USygt5.F.418630 TACGGTATGTCT CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_13_1_withindex_sequence 45.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_3 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Father GAZ:United States of America n ggs349 ggs349 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 45 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 13 0.01, g h305B.2.418820 GTGTGTGTCAGG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_3_1_withindex_sequence 0.39 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 35.4 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 2564.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_3 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Twin2 GAZ:Malawi n ggs76 ggs76 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 0.39 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 -15.3 3 0.01, g USygt34.T2.418744 GTATGACTGGCT CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_15_1_withindex_sequence 16.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_5 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Twin2 GAZ:United States of America n ggs437 ggs437 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 16 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 15 0.01, g Amz5eldF.418421 GTGTACCTATCA CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_5_1_withindex_sequence 73.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -67.646 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 78.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_5 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Grandmother GAZ:Venezuela n ggs268 ggs268 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 73 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 5.425833 5 0.01, g h186B.1.418751 GTACGGCATACG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_7_1_withindex_sequence 2.02 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 35.3 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 2991.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_7 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Twin2 GAZ:Malawi n ggs38 ggs38 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 2.02 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 -15.38 7 0.01, g Amz30adlt.418837 TACTAATCTGCG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_4_1_withindex_sequence 45.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -67.646 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 78.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_4 ENVO:human-associated habitat unknown Illumina None GAZ:Venezuela n ggs246 ggs246 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 45 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 5.425833 4 0.01, g USygt25.B2.418685 TAACAGTCGCTG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_15_1_withindex_sequence 9.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_5 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Brother2 GAZ:United States of America n ggs432 ggs432 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 9 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 15 0.01, g USygt48.T2.418547 GTCTTCGTCGCT CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_17_1_withindex_sequence 16.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_7 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Twin2 GAZ:United States of America n ggs497 ggs497 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 16 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 17 0.01, g h209S.1.418365 TAGACTGTACTC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_3_1_withindex_sequence None mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 35.3 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 2243.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_3 ENVO:human-associated habitat unknown Illumina Sibling GAZ:Malawi n ggs49 ggs49 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces None CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 -16.002 3 0.01, g h68B.4.418611 GTACGGCATACG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_11_1_withindex_sequence 1.7 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 35.4 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 2564.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_1 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Twin2 GAZ:Malawi n ggs94 ggs94 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 1.7 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 -15.3 11 0.01, g h9S.1.418789 GTAGACTGCGTG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_4_1_withindex_sequence None mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 35.3 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 2243.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_4 ENVO:human-associated habitat unknown Illumina Sibling GAZ:Malawi n ggs111 ggs111 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces None CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 -16.002 4 0.01, g USygt49.T2.418670 GGACGTCACAGT CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_15_1_withindex_sequence 14.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_5 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Twin2 GAZ:United States of America n ggs450 ggs450 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 14 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 15 0.01, g USygt11.T2.418503 TACTAATCTGCG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_13_1_withindex_sequence 13.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_3 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Twin2 GAZ:United States of America n ggs358 ggs358 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 13 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 13 0.01, g h146M.1.418838 GTGCACATTATC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_7_1_withindex_sequence 33.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 35.3 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 2991.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_7 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Mother GAZ:Malawi n ggs24 ggs24 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 33 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 -15.38 7 0.01, g USygt38.T1.418654 GGCAGTGTATCG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_17_1_withindex_sequence 17.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_7 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Twin1 GAZ:United States of America n ggs515 ggs515 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 17 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 17 0.01, g USygt47.F.418643 TAGCGACATCTG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_15_1_withindex_sequence 53.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_5 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Father GAZ:United States of America n ggs449 ggs449 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 53 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 15 0.01, g TS4.418810 GTCGCTGTCTTC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_1_1_withindex_sequence 25.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_1 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Twin1 GAZ:United States of America y ggs118 ggs118 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 25 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 1 0.01, g h208A.1.418529 GTCTCATGTAGG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_3_1_withindex_sequence 0.03 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 35.3 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 2243.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_3 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Twin1 GAZ:Malawi n ggs44 ggs44 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 0.03 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 -16.002 3 0.01, g h235M.1.418489 TAGTCGTCTAGT CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_3_1_withindex_sequence 33.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 35.3 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 2991.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_3 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Mother GAZ:Malawi n ggs54 ggs54 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 33 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 -15.38 3 0.01, g USygt16.F.418383 GTATGTTGCTCA CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_13_1_withindex_sequence 46.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_3 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Father GAZ:United States of America n ggs362 ggs362 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 46 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 13 0.01, g USygt31.T1.418408 GGATCGCAGATC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_16_1_withindex_sequence 14.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_6 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Twin1 GAZ:United States of America n ggs486 ggs486 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 14 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 16 0.01, g USygt25.S1.418338 TACTACATGGTC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_16_1_withindex_sequence 7.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_6 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Sister1 GAZ:United States of America n ggs476 ggs476 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 7 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 16 0.01, g USygt51.T1.418476 GTTAGAGCACTC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_17_1_withindex_sequence 16.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_7 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Twin1 GAZ:United States of America n ggs506 ggs506 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 16 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 17 0.01, g AmzC4chldF.418677 GTGACCTGATGT CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_6_1_withindex_sequence 1.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -67.609 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 77.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_6 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Daughter GAZ:Venezuela n ggs297 ggs297 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 1 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 5.410833 6 0.01, g AmzC27teenF.418647 GTGTGCTATCAG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_5_1_withindex_sequence 12.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -67.609 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 77.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_5 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina None GAZ:Venezuela n ggs284 ggs284 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 12 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 5.410833 5 0.01, g AmzC17chldM.418400 TACACGATCTAC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_5_1_withindex_sequence 1.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -67.609 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 77.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_5 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina None GAZ:Venezuela n ggs277 ggs277 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 1 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 5.410833 5 0.01, g Amz6eldM.418356 GCTGTGTAGGAC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_5_1_withindex_sequence 80.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -67.646 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 78.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_5 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Father GAZ:Venezuela n ggs248 ggs248 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 80 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 5.425833 5 0.01, g h146B.4.418409 GTCTACACACAT CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_7_1_withindex_sequence 2.21 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 35.3 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 2991.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_7 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Twin2 GAZ:Malawi n ggs23 ggs23 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 2.21 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 -15.38 7 0.01, g USygt51.M.418844 TAGAGAGAGTGG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_17_1_withindex_sequence 55.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_7 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Mother GAZ:United States of America n ggs508 ggs508 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 55 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 17 0.01, g USygt25.F.418747 GTGGCGATACAC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_16_1_withindex_sequence 44.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_6 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Father GAZ:United States of America n ggs474 ggs474 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 44 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 16 0.01, g Amz1teenF.418404 GTATGTTGCTCA CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_5_1_withindex_sequence 15.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -67.646 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 78.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_5 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Sister GAZ:Venezuela n ggs266 ggs266 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 15 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 5.425833 5 0.01, g USchp60Mom.418566 TACGATGACCAC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_11_1_withindex_sequence 33.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -75.164 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 39.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_1 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Mother GAZ:United States of America n ggs206 ggs206 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 33 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 39.95234 11 0.01, g AmzC18chldM.418443 GTGCACATTATC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_11_1_withindex_sequence 1.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -67.609 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 77.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_1 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina None GAZ:Venezuela n ggs220 ggs220 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 1 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 5.410833 11 0.01, g USBldChld4.418528 GTATCCATGCGA CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_11_1_withindex_sequence 6.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -105.27 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 1629.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_1 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Child GAZ:United States of America n ggs210 ggs210 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 6 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 40.01499 11 0.01, g USygt44.T2.418648 TACAGTCTCATG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_17_1_withindex_sequence 15.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_7 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Twin2 GAZ:United States of America n ggs528 ggs528 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 15 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 17 0.01, g USygt16.M.418462 TAGCCTCTCTGC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_16_1_withindex_sequence 42.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_6 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Mother GAZ:United States of America n ggs469 ggs469 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 42 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 16 0.01, g Amz23chld.418722 TAGCACACCTAT CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_5_1_withindex_sequence 7.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -67.646 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 78.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_5 ENVO:human-associated habitat unknown Illumina None GAZ:Venezuela n ggs255 ggs255 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 7 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 5.425833 5 0.01, g USygt32.S1.418608 TAGTCGTCTAGT CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_14_1_withindex_sequence 8.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_4 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Sister1 GAZ:United States of America n ggs388 ggs388 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 8 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 14 0.01, g USinfTw15.2.418748 GTCTGACAGTTG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_2_1_withindex_sequence 0.67 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_2 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Twin2 GAZ:United States of America n ggs179 ggs179 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 0.67 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 2 0.01, g USygt47.T1.418692 TAAGCGCAGCAC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_15_1_withindex_sequence 15.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_5 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Twin1 GAZ:United States of America n ggs447 ggs447 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 15 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 15 0.01, g USygt13.T1.418495 GTATGCGCTGTA CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_12_1_withindex_sequence 14.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_2 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Twin1 GAZ:United States of America n ggs337 ggs337 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 14 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 12 0.01, g USygt7.T1.418622 GGTGCGTGTATG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_12_1_withindex_sequence 13.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_2 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Twin1 GAZ:United States of America n ggs329 ggs329 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 13 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 12 0.01, g USygt34.T2.418554 GTGACTGCGGAT CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_15_1_withindex_sequence 16.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_5 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Twin2 GAZ:United States of America n ggs437 ggs437 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 16 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 15 0.01, g h68M.1.418773 GTATGCGCTGTA CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_11_1_withindex_sequence 26.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 35.4 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 2564.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_1 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Mother GAZ:Malawi n ggs95 ggs95 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 26 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 -15.3 11 0.01, g h78M.1.418725 TAAGCGCAGCAC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_4_1_withindex_sequence 25.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 35.3 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 2991.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_4 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Mother GAZ:Malawi n ggs98 ggs98 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 25 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 -15.38 4 0.01, g h181B.1.418825 TACTAATCTGCG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_7_1_withindex_sequence 0.21 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 35.4 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 2564.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_7 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Twin2 GAZ:Malawi n ggs33 ggs33 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 0.21 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 -15.3 7 0.01, g USygt44.M.418360 GTATGCGCTGTA CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_15_1_withindex_sequence 42.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_5 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Mother GAZ:United States of America n ggs444 ggs444 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 42 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 15 0.01, g TS163.418636 TAACAGTCGCTG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_1_1_withindex_sequence 25.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_1 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Twin1 GAZ:United States of America y ggs128 ggs128 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 25 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 1 0.01, g USBldChld8.418589 TACGTGTACGTG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_11_1_withindex_sequence 1.6 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -105.27 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 1629.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_1 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Child GAZ:United States of America n ggs214 ggs214 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 1.6 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 40.01499 11 0.01, g USBldChld5.418733 GTCGTGTGTCAA CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_11_1_withindex_sequence 3.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -105.27 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 1629.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_1 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Child GAZ:United States of America n ggs211 ggs211 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 3 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 40.01499 11 0.01, g Amz26chld.418481 TAGCCTCTCTGC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_4_1_withindex_sequence 9.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -67.646 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 78.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_4 ENVO:human-associated habitat unknown Illumina None GAZ:Venezuela n ggs247 ggs247 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 9 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 5.425833 4 0.01, g h259A.2.418342 GGCAGTGTATCG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_7_1_withindex_sequence 0.11 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 35.3 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 2243.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_7 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Twin1 GAZ:Malawi n ggs59 ggs59 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 0.11 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 -16.002 7 0.01, g h228S.1.418436 GTAGACTGCGTG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_3_1_withindex_sequence None mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 35.3 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 2991.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_3 ENVO:human-associated habitat unknown Illumina Sibling GAZ:Malawi n ggs51 ggs51 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces None CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 -15.38 3 0.01, g AmzC1babyF2.418461 GTCAACGCGATG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_5_1_withindex_sequence 0.417 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -67.609 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 77.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_5 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Cousin GAZ:Venezuela n ggs274 ggs274 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 0.417 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 5.410833 5 0.01, g USygt32.T2.418437 TAGCATCGTGGT CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_15_1_withindex_sequence 16.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_5 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Twin2 GAZ:United States of America n ggs434 ggs434 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 16 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 15 0.01, g USygt40.T2.418474 GCTTGCGAGACA CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_15_1_withindex_sequence 15.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_5 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Twin2 GAZ:United States of America n ggs442 ggs442 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 15 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 15 0.01, g Amz19chld.418410 GTAGTGTCTAGC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_4_1_withindex_sequence 4.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -67.646 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 78.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_4 ENVO:human-associated habitat unknown Illumina None GAZ:Venezuela n ggs226 ggs226 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 4 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 5.425833 4 0.01, g USygt37.T2.418585 TAGCTCGTAACT CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_16_1_withindex_sequence 16.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_6 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Twin2 GAZ:United States of America n ggs493 ggs493 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 16 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 16 0.01, g USygt15.M.418634 GGACGTCACAGT CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_13_1_withindex_sequence 49.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_3 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Mother GAZ:United States of America n ggs360 ggs360 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 49 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 13 0.01, g USygt21.B1.418713 GTCTGACAGTTG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_13_1_withindex_sequence 3.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_3 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Brother1 GAZ:United States of America n ggs379 ggs379 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 3 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 13 0.01, g Amz2infF.418430 GTATCCATGCGA CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_4_1_withindex_sequence 1.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -67.646 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 78.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_4 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Daughter GAZ:Venezuela n ggs234 ggs234 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 1 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 5.425833 4 0.01, g TS14.418541 GTATATCCGCAG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_2_1_withindex_sequence 27.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_2 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Twin2 GAZ:United States of America y ggs160 ggs160 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 27 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 2 0.01, g USinfTw13.1.418775 GGCAGTGTATCG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_2_1_withindex_sequence 0.58 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_2 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina None GAZ:United States of America n ggs176 ggs176 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 0.58 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 2 0.01, g h235B.1.418464 GTCTCTCTACGC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_3_1_withindex_sequence 0.67 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 35.3 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 2991.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_3 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Twin2 GAZ:Malawi n ggs53 ggs53 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 0.67 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 -15.38 3 0.01, g TS2.418517 GGTCACTGACAG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_1_1_withindex_sequence 28.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_1 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Twin2 GAZ:United States of America y ggs116 ggs116 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 28 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 1 0.01, g h60S.1.418532 GTATATCCGCAG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_3_1_withindex_sequence None mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 35.3 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 2243.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_3 ENVO:human-associated habitat unknown Illumina Sibling GAZ:Malawi n ggs92 ggs92 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces None CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 -16.002 3 0.01, g h37A.1.418724 GTTCGCGTATAG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_12_1_withindex_sequence 0.94 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 35.3 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 2243.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_2 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Twin1 GAZ:Malawi n ggs81 ggs81 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 0.94 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 -16.002 12 0.01, g USygt52.T2.418721 GGTATACGCAGC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_17_1_withindex_sequence 16.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_7 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Twin2 GAZ:United States of America n ggs510 ggs510 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 16 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 17 0.01, g h301M.1.418627 GTGACTGCGGAT CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_12_1_withindex_sequence None mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 35.4 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 2564.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_2 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Mother GAZ:Malawi n ggs75 ggs75 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces None CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 -15.3 12 0.01, g USinfTw21.2.418540 TAGGTATCTCAC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_2_1_withindex_sequence 0.25 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_2 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Twin2 GAZ:United States of America n ggs190 ggs190 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 0.25 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 2 0.01, g USygt36.T1.418651 GTCTACACACAT CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_15_1_withindex_sequence 13.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_5 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Twin1 GAZ:United States of America n ggs438 ggs438 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 13 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 15 0.01, g k278M.1.418667 GTGACCTGATGT CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_12_1_withindex_sequence None mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 35.3 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 2991.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_2 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Mother GAZ:Malawi n ggs114 ggs114 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces None CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 -15.38 12 0.01, g USinfTw9.1.418845 GGATCGCAGATC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_1_1_withindex_sequence 0.42 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_1 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Twin1 GAZ:United States of America n ggs145 ggs145 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 0.42 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 1 0.01, g USygt43.F.418760 GTGTGTGTCAGG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_17_1_withindex_sequence 45.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_7 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Father GAZ:United States of America n ggs527 ggs527 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 45 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 17 0.01, g USygt41.T1.418847 TACTTACTGCAG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_17_1_withindex_sequence 15.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_7 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Twin1 GAZ:United States of America n ggs521 ggs521 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 15 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 17 0.01, g yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina CGS-GL Human gut microbiome viewed across age and geography n 16S rRNA Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families yatsunenko_global_gut 408170 Human gut microbiome viewed across age and geography V4 AmzC3adltM.418849 GTAGCAACGTCT CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_6_1_withindex_sequence 66.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -67.609 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 77.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_6 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Grandfather GAZ:Venezuela n ggs287 ggs287 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 66 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 5.410833 6 0.01, g USygt4.T2.418732 GCTGTGTAGGAC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_13_1_withindex_sequence 15.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_3 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Twin2 GAZ:United States of America n ggs343 ggs343 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 15 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 13 0.01, g h122S.1.418581 GGTATACGCAGC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_12_1_withindex_sequence None mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 35.4 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 2564.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_2 ENVO:human-associated habitat unknown Illumina Sibling GAZ:Malawi n ggs11 ggs11 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces None CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 -15.3 12 0.01, g F3T1pre4.418699 GCTTCATAGTGT CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_11_1_withindex_sequence 23.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_1 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Twin1 GAZ:United States of America n ggs216 ggs216 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 23 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 11 0.01, g USygt50.F.418499 TACGCGCTGAGA CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_15_1_withindex_sequence 54.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_5 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Father GAZ:United States of America n ggs422 ggs422 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 54 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 15 0.01, g AmzC20chldM.418602 TACTAATCTGCG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_11_1_withindex_sequence 2.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -67.609 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 77.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_1 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina None GAZ:Venezuela n ggs222 ggs222 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 2 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 5.410833 11 0.01, g USygt5.M.418357 GTTGTATACTCG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_13_1_withindex_sequence 41.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_3 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Mother GAZ:United States of America n ggs348 ggs348 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 41 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 13 0.01, g Amz7adltF.418395 TAAGCGCAGCAC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_5_1_withindex_sequence 29.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -67.646 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 78.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_5 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina DaughterAdlt GAZ:Venezuela n ggs261 ggs261 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 29 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 5.425833 5 0.01, g USchp33ChildA.418742 GTCCATAGCTAG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_11_1_withindex_sequence 5.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -75.164 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 39.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_1 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Child GAZ:United States of America n ggs196 ggs196 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 5 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 39.95234 11 0.01, g USygt16.T1.418527 TACTAATCTGCG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_16_1_withindex_sequence 13.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_6 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Twin1 GAZ:United States of America n ggs468 ggs468 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 13 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 16 0.01, g Amz33eld.418866 GTACGGCATACG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_5_1_withindex_sequence 66.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -67.646 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 78.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_5 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina None GAZ:Venezuela n ggs257 ggs257 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 66 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 5.425833 5 0.01, g USygt38.M.418740 TAGTGCTGCGTA CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_14_1_withindex_sequence 45.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_4 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Mother GAZ:United States of America n ggs396 ggs396 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 45 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 14 0.01, g Amz34eld.418382 TACTGCGACAGT CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_5_1_withindex_sequence 74.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -67.646 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 78.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_5 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina None GAZ:Venezuela n ggs270 ggs270 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 74 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 5.425833 5 0.01, g USygt28.T1.418827 GGACGTCACAGT CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_16_1_withindex_sequence 16.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_6 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Twin1 GAZ:United States of America n ggs478 ggs478 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 16 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 16 0.01, g USygt32.T1.418708 GTCAACGCGATG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_16_1_withindex_sequence 16.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_6 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Twin1 GAZ:United States of America n ggs488 ggs488 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 16 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 16 0.01, g h130M.1.418533 TACGTGTACGTG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_7_1_withindex_sequence None mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 35.3 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 2991.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_7 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Mother GAZ:Malawi n ggs17 ggs17 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces None CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 -15.38 7 0.01, g USygt18.M.418867 GGATCGCAGATC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_13_1_withindex_sequence 50.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_3 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Mother GAZ:United States of America n ggs368 ggs368 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 50 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 13 0.01, g TS128.418470 GTCGTGTGTCAA CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_1_1_withindex_sequence 25.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_1 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Twin2 GAZ:United States of America y ggs126 ggs126 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 25 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 1 0.01, g USygt24.T1.418841 GTAGATGCTTCG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_14_1_withindex_sequence 14.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_4 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Twin1 GAZ:United States of America n ggs412 ggs412 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 14 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 14 0.01, g USinfTw12.1.418649 TACTGGACGCGA CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_1_1_withindex_sequence 0.5 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_1 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Twin1 GAZ:United States of America n ggs151 ggs151 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 0.5 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 1 0.01, g USygt25.M.418835 TACTTCGCTCGC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_14_1_withindex_sequence 44.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_4 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Mother GAZ:United States of America n ggs417 ggs417 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 44 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 14 0.01, g AmzC6chldM2.418719 TAGCTCGTAACT CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_5_1_withindex_sequence 7.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -67.609 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 77.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_5 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Son GAZ:Venezuela n ggs279 ggs279 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 7 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 5.410833 5 0.01, g USBldAdlt6.418795 GTGCAATCGACG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_11_1_withindex_sequence 33.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -105.27 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 1629.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_1 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Mother GAZ:United States of America n ggs212 ggs212 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 33 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 40.01499 11 0.01, g Amz4chldM1.418767 GTGCACATTATC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_4_1_withindex_sequence 5.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -67.646 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 78.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_4 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Son GAZ:Venezuela n ggs244 ggs244 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 5 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 5.425833 4 0.01, g USygt54.F.418487 TACTGCGACAGT CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_15_1_withindex_sequence 46.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_5 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Father GAZ:United States of America n ggs456 ggs456 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 46 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 15 0.01, g h305C.2.418553 TACAGTCTCATG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_12_1_withindex_sequence 0.39 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 35.4 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 2564.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_2 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Twin3 GAZ:Malawi n ggs77 ggs77 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 0.39 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 -15.3 12 0.01, g USygt43.M.418520 GTCTGGATAGCG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_17_1_withindex_sequence 48.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_7 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Mother GAZ:United States of America n ggs526 ggs526 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 48 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 17 0.01, g AmzC4adltF.418372 TACGATGACCAC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_6_1_withindex_sequence 31.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -67.609 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 77.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_6 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Mother GAZ:Venezuela n ggs307 ggs307 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 31 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 5.410833 6 0.01, g USchp25Child.418345 GGCTATGACATC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_11_1_withindex_sequence 6.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -75.164 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 39.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_1 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Child GAZ:United States of America n ggs194 ggs194 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 6 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 39.95234 11 0.01, g TS15.418765 GTCGTAGCCAGA CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_2_1_withindex_sequence None mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_2 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Mother GAZ:United States of America y ggs161 ggs161 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces None CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 2 0.01, g USygt39.M.418483 GTAGCTGACGCA CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_14_1_withindex_sequence 54.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_4 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Mother GAZ:United States of America n ggs398 ggs398 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 54 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 14 0.01, g h165B.1.418384 GGACGTCACAGT CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_7_1_withindex_sequence 0.44 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 35.3 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 2243.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_7 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Twin2 GAZ:Malawi n ggs29 ggs29 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 0.44 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 -16.002 7 0.01, g Amz9baby.418635 TACGTGTACGTG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_4_1_withindex_sequence 0.42 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -67.646 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 78.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_4 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina None GAZ:United States of America n ggs238 ggs238 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 0.42 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 5.425833 4 0.01, g USygt51.T2.418469 TACCGCTAGTAG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_17_1_withindex_sequence 16.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_7 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Twin2 GAZ:United States of America n ggs507 ggs507 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 16 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 17 0.01, g USinfTw2.1.418478 GTATGCGCTGTA CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_1_1_withindex_sequence 0.08 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_1 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Twin1 GAZ:United States of America n ggs141 ggs141 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 0.08 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 1 0.01, g USygt1.F.418592 GTCGCTGTCTTC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_12_1_withindex_sequence 57.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_2 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Father GAZ:United States of America n ggs323 ggs323 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 57 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 12 0.01, g USygt46.T1.418865 TAGGTATCTCAC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_17_1_withindex_sequence 16.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_7 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Twin1 GAZ:United States of America n ggs530 ggs530 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 16 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 17 0.01, g Amz5teenF.418519 TAACTCTGATGC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_4_1_withindex_sequence 18.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -67.646 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 78.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_4 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Sister GAZ:Venezuela n ggs245 ggs245 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 18 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 5.425833 4 0.01, g USygt27.T1.418441 GTCATTCACGAG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_14_1_withindex_sequence 13.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_4 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Twin1 GAZ:United States of America n ggs383 ggs383 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 13 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 14 0.01, g USinfTw6.2.418594 GTCTCATGTAGG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_2_1_withindex_sequence 0.25 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_2 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Twin2 GAZ:United States of America n ggs171 ggs171 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 0.25 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 2 0.01, g USchp35Child.418784 TACCGCTAGTAG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_11_1_withindex_sequence 9.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -75.164 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 39.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_1 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Child GAZ:United States of America n ggs199 ggs199 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 9 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 39.95234 11 0.01, g USinfTw17.1.418390 TACTTACTGCAG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_2_1_withindex_sequence 0.75 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_2 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Twin1 GAZ:United States of America n ggs182 ggs182 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 0.75 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 2 0.01, g USygt38.F.418465 GGTATACGCAGC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_14_1_withindex_sequence 44.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_4 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Father GAZ:United States of America n ggs397 ggs397 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 44 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 14 0.01, g AmzC5chldF.418839 TAGTGCTGCGTA CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_6_1_withindex_sequence 2.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -67.609 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 77.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_6 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Daughter GAZ:Venezuela n ggs301 ggs301 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 2 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 5.410833 6 0.01, g Amz15chld.418538 GTACAAGAGTGA CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_4_1_withindex_sequence 1.5 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -67.646 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 78.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_4 ENVO:human-associated habitat unknown Illumina None GAZ:Venezuela n ggs241 ggs241 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 1.5 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 5.425833 4 0.01, g h181S.1.418723 GCTTGCGAGACA CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_7_1_withindex_sequence None mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 35.4 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 2564.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_7 ENVO:human-associated habitat unknown Illumina Sibling GAZ:Malawi n ggs36 ggs36 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces None CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 -15.3 7 0.01, g USygt14.T1.418853 TAAGCGCAGCAC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_12_1_withindex_sequence 14.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_2 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Twin1 GAZ:United States of America n ggs340 ggs340 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 14 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 12 0.01, g AmzC19chldM.418646 TAACTCTGATGC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_11_1_withindex_sequence 2.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -67.609 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 77.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_1 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina None GAZ:Venezuela n ggs221 ggs221 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 2 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 5.410833 11 0.01, g TS13.418619 GGTCGTAGCGTA CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_2_1_withindex_sequence 27.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_2 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Twin1 GAZ:United States of America y ggs159 ggs159 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 27 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 2 0.01, g h301A.1.418425 GTAGCTGACGCA CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_12_1_withindex_sequence 0.05 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 35.4 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 2564.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_2 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Twin1 GAZ:Malawi n ggs73 ggs73 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 0.05 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 -15.3 12 0.01, g USchp60Child.418703 GTTCGCGTATAG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_11_1_withindex_sequence 1.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -75.164 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 39.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_1 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Child GAZ:United States of America n ggs205 ggs205 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 1 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 39.95234 11 0.01, g h181C.1.418714 TAGCCTCTCTGC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_7_1_withindex_sequence 0.21 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 35.4 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 2564.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_7 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Twin3 GAZ:Malawi n ggs34 ggs34 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 0.21 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 -15.3 7 0.01, g USygt47.M.418401 TACTACATGGTC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_15_1_withindex_sequence 48.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_5 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Mother GAZ:United States of America n ggs448 ggs448 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 48 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 15 0.01, g USinfTw9.2.418769 GTAGACTGCGTG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_1_1_withindex_sequence 0.42 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_1 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Twin2 GAZ:United States of America n ggs146 ggs146 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 0.42 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 1 0.01, g USygt1.T2.418785 GGTCACTGACAG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_12_1_withindex_sequence 14.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_2 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Twin2 GAZ:United States of America n ggs321 ggs321 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 14 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 12 0.01, g h101S.1.418475 GTGTTGCAGCAT CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_3_1_withindex_sequence None mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 35.3 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 2991.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_3 ENVO:human-associated habitat unknown Illumina Sibling GAZ:Malawi n ggs4 ggs4 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces None CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 -15.38 3 0.01, g h257A.1.418826 GTGTCTACATTG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_3_1_withindex_sequence 0.19 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 35.3 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 2991.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_3 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Twin1 GAZ:Malawi n ggs55 ggs55 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 0.19 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 -15.38 3 0.01, g h228M.1.418505 GGATCGCAGATC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_3_1_withindex_sequence None mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 35.3 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 2991.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_3 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Mother GAZ:Malawi n ggs50 ggs50 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces None CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 -15.38 3 0.01, g AmzC2adltF.418621 TACATCACCACA CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_6_1_withindex_sequence 24.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -67.609 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 77.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_6 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Mother GAZ:Venezuela n ggs291 ggs291 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 24 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 5.410833 6 0.01, g AmzC9adltM.418480 TAGGTATCTCAC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_6_1_withindex_sequence 60.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -67.609 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 77.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_6 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Father GAZ:Venezuela n ggs319 ggs319 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 60 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 5.410833 6 0.01, g USygt11.M.418479 GCTTCATAGTGT CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_16_1_withindex_sequence 46.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_6 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Mother GAZ:United States of America n ggs462 ggs462 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 46 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 16 0.01, g h95S.1.418544 TACTGCGACAGT CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_4_1_withindex_sequence None mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 35.3 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 2991.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_4 ENVO:human-associated habitat unknown Illumina Sibling GAZ:Malawi n ggs107 ggs107 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces None CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 -15.38 4 0.01, g USygt17.M.418444 TACACACATGGC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_13_1_withindex_sequence 43.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_3 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Mother GAZ:United States of America n ggs365 ggs365 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 43 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 13 0.01, g USygt8.T1.418829 GTGCAATCGACG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_12_1_withindex_sequence 15.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_2 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Twin1 GAZ:United States of America n ggs332 ggs332 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 15 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 12 0.01, g h95M.1.418831 TACACACATGGC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_4_1_withindex_sequence 24.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 35.3 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 2991.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_4 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Mother GAZ:Malawi n ggs106 ggs106 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 24 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 -15.38 4 0.01, g TS1.418828 GCTGTAGTATGC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_1_1_withindex_sequence 28.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_1 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Twin1 GAZ:United States of America y ggs115 ggs115 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 28 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 1 0.01, g USchp4Mom.418666 TACATCACCACA CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_11_1_withindex_sequence 35.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -75.164 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 39.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_1 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Mother GAZ:United States of America n ggs191 ggs191 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 35 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 39.95234 11 0.01, g USygt15.F.418688 TAACTCTGATGC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_16_1_withindex_sequence 48.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_6 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Father GAZ:United States of America n ggs467 ggs467 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 48 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 16 0.01, g USygt3.M.418496 TACGCGCTGAGA CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_12_1_withindex_sequence 41.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_2 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Mother GAZ:United States of America n ggs326 ggs326 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 41 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 12 0.01, g USchp3Child.418614 GTCATTCACGAG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_2_1_withindex_sequence 6.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -75.164 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 39.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_2 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Child GAZ:United States of America n ggs155 ggs155 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 6 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 39.95234 2 0.01, g USygt20.T2.418500 TACTGGACGCGA CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_13_1_withindex_sequence 14.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_3 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Twin2 GAZ:United States of America n ggs374 ggs374 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 14 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 13 0.01, g USygt49.F.418818 GGCTATGACATC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_17_1_withindex_sequence 44.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_7 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Father GAZ:United States of America n ggs502 ggs502 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 44 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 17 0.01, g USinfTw18.2.418796 GTAGATGCTTCG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_2_1_withindex_sequence 0.92 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_2 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Twin2 GAZ:United States of America n ggs184 ggs184 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 0.92 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 2 0.01, g USygt30.M.418398 TACATCACCACA CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_14_1_withindex_sequence 47.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_4 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Mother GAZ:United States of America n ggs386 ggs386 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 47 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 14 0.01, g USygt1.T1.418417 GCTGTAGTATGC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_12_1_withindex_sequence 14.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_2 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Twin1 GAZ:United States of America n ggs320 ggs320 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 14 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 12 0.01, g AmzC23chldM.418498 GGCAGTGTATCG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_5_1_withindex_sequence 4.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -67.609 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 77.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_5 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina None GAZ:Venezuela n ggs280 ggs280 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 4 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 5.410833 5 0.01, g USinfTw13.2.418343 GTAGAGCTGTTC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_2_1_withindex_sequence 0.58 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_2 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina None GAZ:United States of America n ggs177 ggs177 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 0.58 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 2 0.01, g h128A.1.418657 GGTGCGTGTATG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_7_1_withindex_sequence 0.76 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 35.3 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 2991.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_7 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Twin1 GAZ:Malawi n ggs12 ggs12 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 0.76 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 -15.38 7 0.01, g AmzC22chldM.418704 GTAGCTGACGCA CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_6_1_withindex_sequence 5.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -67.609 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 77.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_6 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina None GAZ:Venezuela n ggs303 ggs303 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 5 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 5.410833 6 0.01, g USBldInf3.418459 GGTGCGTGTATG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_11_1_withindex_sequence 0.83 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -105.27 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 1629.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_1 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Child GAZ:United States of America n ggs209 ggs209 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 0.83 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 40.01499 11 0.01, g AmzC21chldM.418442 TACTGGACGCGA CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_5_1_withindex_sequence 1.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -67.609 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 77.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_5 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina None GAZ:Venezuela n ggs278 ggs278 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 1 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 5.410833 5 0.01, g Amz28chld.418508 TACACACATGGC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_5_1_withindex_sequence 11.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -67.646 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 78.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_5 ENVO:human-associated habitat unknown Illumina None GAZ:Venezuela n ggs269 ggs269 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 11 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 5.425833 5 0.01, g USygt41.B1.418570 GTAGATGCTTCG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_17_1_withindex_sequence 10.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_7 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Brother1 GAZ:United States of America n ggs524 ggs524 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 10 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 17 0.01, g USygt8.F.418739 TAGCATCGTGGT CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_13_1_withindex_sequence 37.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_3 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Father GAZ:United States of America n ggs351 ggs351 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 37 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 13 0.01, g AmzC3adltF.418561 GTCTGGATAGCG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_6_1_withindex_sequence 33.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -67.609 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 77.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_6 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Mother GAZ:Venezuela n ggs315 ggs315 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 33 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 5.410833 6 0.01, g F4T2pre4.418418 GTCTACACACAT CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_11_1_withindex_sequence 23.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_1 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Twin2 GAZ:United States of America n ggs219 ggs219 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 23 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 11 0.01, g h10M.1.418706 TAGAGAGAGTGG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_12_1_withindex_sequence 26.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 35.3 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 2243.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_2 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Mother GAZ:Malawi n ggs6 ggs6 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 26 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 -16.002 12 0.01, g h47A.1.418772 GTCGCTGTCTTC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_6_1_withindex_sequence 0.6 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 35.4 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 2564.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_6 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Twin1 GAZ:Malawi n ggs85 ggs85 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 0.6 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 -15.3 6 0.01, g AmzC13babyF.418665 GGATCGCAGATC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_5_1_withindex_sequence 0.33 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -67.609 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 77.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_5 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina None GAZ:Venezuela n ggs272 ggs272 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 0.33 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 5.410833 5 0.01, g Amz5chldM.418822 TACTACATGGTC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_5_1_withindex_sequence 11.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -67.646 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 78.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_5 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Brother GAZ:Venezuela n ggs262 ggs262 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 11 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 5.425833 5 0.01, g Amz11inf.418832 GTGATAGTGCCG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_5_1_withindex_sequence 1.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -67.646 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 78.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_5 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina None GAZ:Venezuela n ggs252 ggs252 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 1 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 5.425833 5 0.01, g USygt37.T1.418580 GTGCACATTATC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_15_1_withindex_sequence 16.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_5 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Twin1 GAZ:United States of America n ggs439 ggs439 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 16 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 15 0.01, g USchp4Infant.418833 GTGTTGCAGCAT CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_2_1_withindex_sequence 1.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -75.164 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 39.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_2 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Child GAZ:United States of America n ggs157 ggs157 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 1 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 39.95234 2 0.01, g USygt24.T2.418363 GTCATATCGTAC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_14_1_withindex_sequence 14.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_4 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Twin2 GAZ:United States of America n ggs413 ggs413 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 14 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 14 0.01, g h101A.3.418669 GTCGTAGCCAGA CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_3_1_withindex_sequence 1.53 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 35.3 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 2991.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_3 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Twin1 GAZ:Malawi n ggs1 ggs1 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 1.53 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 -15.38 3 0.01, g USygt25.T2.418341 TACAGTCTCATG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_14_1_withindex_sequence 14.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_4 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Twin2 GAZ:United States of America n ggs416 ggs416 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 14 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 14 0.01, g Amz2adltF.418633 TAGCATCGTGGT CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_4_1_withindex_sequence 35.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -67.646 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 78.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_4 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Mother GAZ:Venezuela n ggs239 ggs239 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 35 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 5.425833 4 0.01, g USygt20.M.418572 TAGCTCGTAACT CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_13_1_withindex_sequence 43.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_3 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Mother GAZ:United States of America n ggs375 ggs375 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 43 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 13 0.01, g USygt23.F.418490 GTGCAATCGACG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_16_1_withindex_sequence 50.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_6 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Father GAZ:United States of America n ggs461 ggs461 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 50 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 16 0.01, g USygt18.T1.418786 TACTGCGACAGT CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_13_1_withindex_sequence 15.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_3 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Twin1 GAZ:United States of America n ggs366 ggs366 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 15 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 13 0.01, g USygt15.T1.418779 TAGCGACATCTG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_12_1_withindex_sequence 16.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_2 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Twin1 GAZ:United States of America n ggs342 ggs342 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 16 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 12 0.01, g USygt41.F.418802 GGCGACATGTAC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_17_1_withindex_sequence 44.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_7 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Father GAZ:United States of America n ggs523 ggs523 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 44 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 17 0.01, g USygt33.T2.418787 GCTTCATAGTGT CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_15_1_withindex_sequence 14.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_5 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Twin2 GAZ:United States of America n ggs435 ggs435 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 14 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 15 0.01, g USinfTw10.2.418840 GTCTCTCTACGC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_1_1_withindex_sequence 0.42 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_1 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Twin2 GAZ:United States of America n ggs148 ggs148 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 0.42 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 1 0.01, g AmzC5chldM.418590 GTTAGAGCACTC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_6_1_withindex_sequence 1.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -67.609 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 77.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_6 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Son GAZ:Venezuela n ggs298 ggs298 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 1 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 5.410833 6 0.01, g TS25.418407 GTGATAGTGCCG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_2_1_withindex_sequence 26.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_2 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Twin1 GAZ:United States of America y ggs162 ggs162 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 26 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 2 0.01, g USygt49.B1.418842 GTAGCGCGAGTT CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_17_1_withindex_sequence 9.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_7 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Brother1 GAZ:United States of America n ggs503 ggs503 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 9 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 17 0.01, g USygt34.F.418402 TACACGATCTAC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_16_1_withindex_sequence 40.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_6 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Father GAZ:United States of America n ggs491 ggs491 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 40 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 16 0.01, g USygt9.T1.418606 GCTTCATAGTGT CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_13_1_withindex_sequence 16.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_3 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Twin1 GAZ:United States of America n ggs352 ggs352 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 16 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 13 0.01, g USygt43.T2.418799 GCTGTAGTATGC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_14_1_withindex_sequence 14.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_4 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Twin2 GAZ:United States of America n ggs405 ggs405 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 14 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 14 0.01, g Amz10baby.418545 GTATGACTGGCT CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_4_1_withindex_sequence 0.5 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -67.646 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 78.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_4 ENVO:human-associated habitat unknown Illumina None GAZ:Venezuela n ggs242 ggs242 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 0.5 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 5.425833 4 0.01, g USygt4.M.418367 GGTCGTAGCGTA CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_13_1_withindex_sequence 47.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_3 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Mother GAZ:United States of America n ggs344 ggs344 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 47 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 13 0.01, g Amz5chldF2.418405 GTCTACACACAT CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_4_1_withindex_sequence 11.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -67.646 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 78.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_4 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Sister GAZ:Venezuela n ggs243 ggs243 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 11 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 5.425833 4 0.01, g USinfTw19.1.418798 GTCATATCGTAC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_2_1_withindex_sequence 0.42 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_2 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Twin1 GAZ:United States of America n ggs185 ggs185 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 0.42 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 2 0.01, g USygt44.B1.418371 GGTCACTGACAG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_14_1_withindex_sequence 7.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_4 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Brother1 GAZ:United States of America n ggs406 ggs406 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 7 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 14 0.01, g TS129.418618 GTGCAATCGACG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_1_1_withindex_sequence 53.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_1 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Mother GAZ:United States of America y ggs127 ggs127 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 53 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 1 0.01, g Amz4adltF.418711 GTCGTGTGTCAA CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_4_1_withindex_sequence 28.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -67.646 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 78.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_4 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Mother GAZ:Venezuela n ggs235 ggs235 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 28 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 5.425833 4 0.01, g h10A.1.418427 GTTAGAGCACTC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_12_1_withindex_sequence 1.3 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 35.3 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 2243.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_2 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Twin1 GAZ:Malawi n ggs5 ggs5 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 1.3 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 -16.002 12 0.01, g h37M.1.418863 TAGATAGCAGGA CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_12_1_withindex_sequence 27.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 35.3 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 2243.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_2 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Mother GAZ:Malawi n ggs83 ggs83 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 27 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 -16.002 12 0.01, g USygt37.B1.418521 TAGAGAGAGTGG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_14_1_withindex_sequence 10.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_4 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Brother1 GAZ:United States of America n ggs395 ggs395 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 10 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 14 0.01, g USygt49.T1.418399 TAGACTGTACTC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_17_1_withindex_sequence 14.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_7 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Twin1 GAZ:United States of America n ggs500 ggs500 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 14 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 17 0.01, g Amz29adlt.418370 TACGGTATGTCT CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_5_1_withindex_sequence 39.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -67.646 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 78.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_5 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina None GAZ:Venezuela n ggs254 ggs254 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 39 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 5.425833 5 0.01, g h273M.1.418507 TAGCTGAGTCCA CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_7_1_withindex_sequence 32.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 35.1 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 2889.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_7 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Mother GAZ:Malawi n ggs68 ggs68 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 32 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 -16.183 7 0.01, g USygt48.T1.418674 GTCATTCACGAG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_17_1_withindex_sequence 16.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_7 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Twin1 GAZ:United States of America n ggs496 ggs496 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 16 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 17 0.01, g h257B.1.418419 TACACGATCTAC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_3_1_withindex_sequence 0.19 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 35.3 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 2991.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_3 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Twin2 GAZ:Malawi n ggs56 ggs56 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 0.19 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 -15.38 3 0.01, g USinfTw7.1.418386 GTGTACCTATCA CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_2_1_withindex_sequence 0.33 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_2 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Twin1 GAZ:United States of America n ggs172 ggs172 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 0.33 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 2 0.01, g AmzC31adltF.418549 TAGTCGTCTAGT CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_6_1_withindex_sequence 21.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -67.609 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 77.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_6 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina None GAZ:Venezuela n ggs293 ggs293 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 21 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 5.410833 6 0.01, g USygt6.AS.418353 GCTTACATCGAG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_12_1_withindex_sequence 10.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_2 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina AdoptedSister GAZ:United States of America n ggs328 ggs328 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 10 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 12 0.01, g TS26.418393 GTTGTATACTCG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_2_1_withindex_sequence 26.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_2 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Twin2 GAZ:United States of America y ggs163 ggs163 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 26 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 2 0.01, g USygt4.T1.418764 TAGATCCTCGAT CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_12_1_withindex_sequence 15.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_2 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Twin1 GAZ:United States of America n ggs327 ggs327 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 15 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 12 0.01, g h47S.1.418625 TACGCGCTGAGA CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_7_1_withindex_sequence None mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 35.4 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 2564.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_7 ENVO:human-associated habitat unknown Illumina Sibling GAZ:Malawi n ggs88 ggs88 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces None CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 -15.3 7 0.01, g USygt40.T1.418834 GTCTGACAGTTG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_17_1_withindex_sequence 15.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_7 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Twin1 GAZ:United States of America n ggs518 ggs518 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 15 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 17 0.01, g USygt5.T2.418805 GTGATAGTGCCG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_13_1_withindex_sequence 16.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_3 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Twin2 GAZ:United States of America n ggs347 ggs347 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 16 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 13 0.01, g h264M.1.418377 GTGTGCTATCAG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_7_1_withindex_sequence 44.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 35.3 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 2991.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_7 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Mother GAZ:Malawi n ggs65 ggs65 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 44 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 -15.38 7 0.01, g USygt45.T2.418535 GTCGCTGTCTTC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_15_1_withindex_sequence 16.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_5 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Twin2 GAZ:United States of America n ggs419 ggs419 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 16 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 15 0.01, g AmzC8chldF.418522 TACTTACTGCAG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_6_1_withindex_sequence 11.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -67.609 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 77.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_6 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Daughter GAZ:Venezuela n ggs310 ggs310 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 11 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 5.410833 6 0.01, g USygt20.F.418339 GCTTGCGAGACA CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_16_1_withindex_sequence 49.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_6 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Father GAZ:United States of America n ggs470 ggs470 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 49 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 16 0.01, g USinfTw11.1.418800 GTGTCTACATTG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_1_1_withindex_sequence 0.5 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_1 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Twin1 GAZ:United States of America n ggs149 ggs149 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 0.5 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 1 0.01, g h9M.1.418588 GGATCGCAGATC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_4_1_withindex_sequence 24.03 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 35.3 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 2243.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_4 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Mother GAZ:Malawi n ggs110 ggs110 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 24.03 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 -16.002 4 0.01, g USinfTw8.2.418804 TAGCGGATCACG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_2_1_withindex_sequence 0.33 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_2 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Twin2 GAZ:United States of America n ggs175 ggs175 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 0.33 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 2 0.01, g USygt7.M.418598 GTCGTGTGTCAA CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_12_1_withindex_sequence 47.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_2 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Mother GAZ:United States of America n ggs331 ggs331 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 47 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 12 0.01, g h147M.1.418531 TACTACATGGTC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_7_1_withindex_sequence 20.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 35.3 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 2991.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_7 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Mother GAZ:Malawi n ggs27 ggs27 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 20 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 -15.38 7 0.01, g USygt46.M.418453 GGCGTACTGATG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_17_1_withindex_sequence 50.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_7 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Mother GAZ:United States of America n ggs494 ggs494 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 50 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 17 0.01, g k278A.2.418424 GTAGCGCGAGTT CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_3_1_withindex_sequence 16.72 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 35.3 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 2991.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_3 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Twin1 GAZ:Malawi n ggs112 ggs112 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 16.72 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 -15.38 3 0.01, g USygt37.M.418793 GTTCGCGTATAG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_17_1_withindex_sequence 51.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_7 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Mother GAZ:United States of America n ggs514 ggs514 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 51 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 17 0.01, g USygt35.M.418364 GTGACCTGATGT CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_14_1_withindex_sequence 39.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_4 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Mother GAZ:United States of America n ggs392 ggs392 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 39 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 14 0.01, g h60A.2.418856 TAGATCCTCGAT CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_7_1_withindex_sequence 2.05 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 35.3 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 2243.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_7 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Twin1 GAZ:Malawi n ggs89 ggs89 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 2.05 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 -16.002 7 0.01, g Amz12inf.418624 TAGATCCTCGAT CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_4_1_withindex_sequence 1.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -67.646 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 78.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_4 ENVO:human-associated habitat unknown Illumina None GAZ:Venezuela n ggs231 ggs231 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 1 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 5.425833 4 0.01, g h181A.1.418791 TAACTCTGATGC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_7_1_withindex_sequence 0.21 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 35.4 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 2564.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_7 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Twin1 GAZ:Malawi n ggs32 ggs32 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 0.21 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 -15.3 7 0.01, g USchp41Mom.418801 GTAGCTGACGCA CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_11_1_withindex_sequence 26.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -75.164 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 39.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_1 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Mother GAZ:United States of America n ggs203 ggs203 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 26 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 39.95234 11 0.01, g h18B.4.418355 GGTCACTGACAG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_6_1_withindex_sequence 1.35 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 35.4 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 2564.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_6 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Twin2 GAZ:Malawi n ggs43 ggs43 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 1.35 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 -15.3 6 0.01, g h186C.1.418575 GTCATTCACGAG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_3_1_withindex_sequence 2.02 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 35.3 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 2991.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_3 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Twin3 GAZ:Malawi n ggs39 ggs39 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 2.02 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 -15.38 3 0.01, g USygt16.B1.418368 GTCGTGTGTCAA CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_16_1_withindex_sequence 11.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_6 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Brother1 GAZ:United States of America n ggs460 ggs460 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 11 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 16 0.01, g h122M.1.418534 TAGTGCTGCGTA CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_12_1_withindex_sequence 38.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 35.4 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 2564.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_2 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Mother GAZ:Malawi n ggs10 ggs10 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 38 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 -15.3 12 0.01, g AmzC3chldM.418539 TACCGCTAGTAG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_6_1_withindex_sequence 2.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -67.609 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 77.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_6 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Son GAZ:Venezuela n ggs299 ggs299 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 2 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 5.410833 6 0.01, g USygt5.T1.418573 GTCGTAGCCAGA CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_13_1_withindex_sequence 16.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_3 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Twin1 GAZ:United States of America n ggs346 ggs346 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 16 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 13 0.01, g USygt13.F.418411 GTGGCGATACAC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_12_1_withindex_sequence 48.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_2 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Father GAZ:United States of America n ggs339 ggs339 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 48 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 12 0.01, g Amz7eldM.418423 GCTGTAGTATGC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_4_1_withindex_sequence 53.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -67.646 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 78.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_4 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina FatherAdlt GAZ:Venezuela n ggs224 ggs224 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 53 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 5.425833 4 0.01, g USygt43.T1.418816 TAGTGTGCTTCA CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_14_1_withindex_sequence 14.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_4 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Twin1 GAZ:United States of America n ggs404 ggs404 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 14 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 14 0.01, g AmzC24chldM.418746 GTAGAGCTGTTC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_5_1_withindex_sequence 11.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -67.609 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 77.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_5 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina None GAZ:Venezuela n ggs281 ggs281 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 11 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 5.410833 5 0.01, g h264B.2.418350 GTCTGACAGTTG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_7_1_withindex_sequence 0.8 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 35.3 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 2991.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_7 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Twin2 GAZ:Malawi n ggs64 ggs64 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 0.8 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 -15.38 7 0.01, g h101M.1.418586 GTTGTATACTCG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_3_1_withindex_sequence 24.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 35.3 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 2991.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_3 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Mother GAZ:Malawi n ggs3 ggs3 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 24 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 -15.38 3 0.01, g USygt54.T1.418381 GTGTACCTATCA CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_15_1_withindex_sequence 15.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_5 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Twin1 GAZ:United States of America n ggs454 ggs454 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 15 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 15 0.01, g USygt14.M.418857 TACTACATGGTC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_12_1_withindex_sequence 49.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_2 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Mother GAZ:United States of America n ggs341 ggs341 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 49 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 12 0.01, g h9B.5.418656 TAGCGGATCACG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_4_1_withindex_sequence 2.02 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 35.3 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 2243.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_4 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Twin2 GAZ:Malawi n ggs109 ggs109 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 2.02 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 -16.002 4 0.01, g USygt39.F.418756 GTCGACTCCTCT CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_14_1_withindex_sequence 46.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_4 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Father GAZ:United States of America n ggs399 ggs399 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 46 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 14 0.01, g Amz3chldM1.418601 GCTTCATAGTGT CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_4_1_withindex_sequence 3.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -67.646 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 78.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_4 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Brother GAZ:Venezuela n ggs240 ggs240 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 3 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 5.425833 4 0.01, g h147B.4.418548 TAAGCGCAGCAC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_7_1_withindex_sequence 2.65 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 35.3 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 2991.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_7 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Twin2 GAZ:Malawi n ggs26 ggs26 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 2.65 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 -15.38 7 0.01, g USygt46.T2.418679 GTTGACGACAGC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_15_1_withindex_sequence 16.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_5 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Twin2 GAZ:United States of America n ggs421 ggs421 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 16 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 15 0.01, g h130B.4.418471 TAACAGTCGCTG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_7_1_withindex_sequence 2.39 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 35.3 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 2991.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_7 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Twin2 GAZ:Malawi n ggs16 ggs16 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 2.39 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 -15.38 7 0.01, g AmzC7adltF.418582 GGCGACATGTAC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_6_1_withindex_sequence 38.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -67.609 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 77.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_6 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Mother GAZ:Venezuela n ggs312 ggs312 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 38 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 5.410833 6 0.01, g USBld1.418516 TAGTGTGCTTCA CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_11_1_withindex_sequence 1.25 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -105.27 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 1629.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_1 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Child GAZ:United States of America n ggs207 ggs207 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 1.25 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 40.01499 11 0.01, g USygt53.T2.418455 GGTCGTAGCGTA CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_15_1_withindex_sequence 15.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_5 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Twin2 GAZ:United States of America n ggs425 ggs425 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 15 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 15 0.01, g USygt50.T1.418743 GTACTCTAGACT CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_15_1_withindex_sequence 16.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_5 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Twin1 GAZ:United States of America n ggs451 ggs451 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 16 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 15 0.01, g USinfTw19.2.418595 GTCTGGATAGCG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_2_1_withindex_sequence 0.42 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_2 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Twin2 GAZ:United States of America n ggs186 ggs186 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 0.42 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 2 0.01, g USygt9.F.418438 TAGCACACCTAT CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_15_1_withindex_sequence 46.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_5 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Father GAZ:United States of America n ggs431 ggs431 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 46 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 15 0.01, g Amz6chldM.418668 GTGCAATCGACG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_4_1_withindex_sequence 11.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -67.646 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 78.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_4 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Son GAZ:Venezuela n ggs236 ggs236 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 11 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 5.425833 4 0.01, g h128M.1.418754 GTATCCATGCGA CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_7_1_withindex_sequence None mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 35.3 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 2991.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_7 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Mother GAZ:Malawi n ggs13 ggs13 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces None CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 -15.38 7 0.01, g k278B.2.418686 GTCCATAGCTAG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_3_1_withindex_sequence 16.72 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 35.3 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 2991.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_3 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Twin2 GAZ:Malawi n ggs113 ggs113 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 16.72 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 -15.38 3 0.01, g USygt39.T2.418351 TAGCCTCTCTGC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_15_1_withindex_sequence 15.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_5 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Twin2 GAZ:United States of America n ggs441 ggs441 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 15 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 15 0.01, g USygt50.M.418681 GTGACCTGATGT CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_17_1_withindex_sequence 50.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_7 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Mother GAZ:United States of America n ggs505 ggs505 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 50 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 17 0.01, g AmzC28chldM.418506 TAGCTGAGTCCA CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_6_1_withindex_sequence 11.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -67.609 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 77.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_6 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina None GAZ:Venezuela n ggs311 ggs311 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 11 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 5.410833 6 0.01, g USygt10.M.418687 GTGCACATTATC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_13_1_withindex_sequence 46.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_3 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Mother GAZ:United States of America n ggs356 ggs356 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 46 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 13 0.01, g Amz27chld.418705 GGACGTCACAGT CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_5_1_withindex_sequence 9.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -67.646 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 78.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_5 ENVO:human-associated habitat unknown Illumina None GAZ:Venezuela n ggs264 ggs264 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 9 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 5.425833 5 0.01, g h209B.2.418447 TACTGCGACAGT CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_3_1_withindex_sequence 0.56 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 35.3 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 2243.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_3 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Twin2 GAZ:Malawi n ggs47 ggs47 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 0.56 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 -16.002 3 0.01, g h144B.1.418701 GTACAAGAGTGA CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_7_1_withindex_sequence 1.22 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 35.4 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 2564.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_7 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Twin2 GAZ:Malawi n ggs20 ggs20 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 1.22 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 -15.3 7 0.01, g USygt35.T1.418610 TACTGGACGCGA CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_16_1_withindex_sequence 15.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_6 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Twin1 GAZ:United States of America n ggs492 ggs492 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 15 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 16 0.01, g Amz6eldF.418597 GTGAGGTCGCTA CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_4_1_withindex_sequence 60.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -67.646 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 78.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_4 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Grandmother GAZ:Venezuela n ggs228 ggs228 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 60 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 5.425833 4 0.01, g h78B.4.418738 GTGGCGATACAC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_11_1_withindex_sequence 1.89 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 35.3 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 2991.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_1 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Twin2 GAZ:Malawi n ggs97 ggs97 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 1.89 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 -15.38 11 0.01, g USinfTw4.2.418348 TAGCGACATCTG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_2_1_withindex_sequence 0.17 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_2 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Twin2 GAZ:United States of America n ggs167 ggs167 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 0.17 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 2 0.01, g h121B.1.418650 TAGCACACCTAT CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_3_1_withindex_sequence 0.43 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 35.3 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 2243.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_3 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Twin2 GAZ:Malawi n ggs8 ggs8 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 0.43 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 -16.002 3 0.01, g USinfTw3.2.418812 TAAGCGCAGCAC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_1_1_withindex_sequence 0.17 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_1 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Twin2 GAZ:United States of America n ggs144 ggs144 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 0.17 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 1 0.01, g Amz22chld.418485 GGTCACTGACAG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_4_1_withindex_sequence 6.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -67.646 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 78.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_4 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina None GAZ:Venezuela n ggs225 ggs225 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 6 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 5.425833 4 0.01, g AmzC9adltF.418726 GTGACTGCGGAT CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_6_1_withindex_sequence 29.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -67.609 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 77.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_6 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Daughter GAZ:Venezuela n ggs305 ggs305 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 29 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 5.410833 6 0.01, g AmzC14infF.418354 GTCTCTCTACGC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_5_1_withindex_sequence 0.917 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -67.609 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 77.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_5 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina None GAZ:Venezuela n ggs275 ggs275 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 0.917 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 5.410833 5 0.01, g Amz5chldF1.418757 GTATATCCGCAG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_5_1_withindex_sequence 9.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -67.646 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 78.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_5 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Sister GAZ:Venezuela n ggs250 ggs250 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 9 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 5.425833 5 0.01, g USygt14.T2.418813 GTATGACTGGCT CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_16_1_withindex_sequence 14.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_6 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Twin2 GAZ:United States of America n ggs464 ggs464 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 14 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 16 0.01, g Amz3chldF3.418426 TAGCGACATCTG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_5_1_withindex_sequence 10.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -67.646 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 78.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_5 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Sister GAZ:Venezuela n ggs263 ggs263 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 10 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 5.425833 5 0.01, g USygt37.F.418676 TACTAATCTGCG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_15_1_withindex_sequence 52.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_5 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Father GAZ:United States of America n ggs440 ggs440 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 52 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 15 0.01, g TS193.418750 GTCTACACACAT CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_1_1_withindex_sequence 30.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_1 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Twin1 GAZ:United States of America y ggs134 ggs134 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 30 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 1 0.01, g h37B.1.418707 TACGATGACCAC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_12_1_withindex_sequence 0.94 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 35.3 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 2243.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_2 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Twin2 GAZ:Malawi n ggs82 ggs82 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 0.94 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 -16.002 12 0.01, g TS184.418577 GCTTCATAGTGT CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_1_1_withindex_sequence 24.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_1 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Twin1 GAZ:United States of America y ggs131 ggs131 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 24 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 1 0.01, g h130S.1.418846 TAGCATCGTGGT CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_7_1_withindex_sequence None mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 35.3 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 2991.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_7 ENVO:human-associated habitat unknown Illumina Sibling GAZ:Malawi n ggs18 ggs18 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces None CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 -15.38 7 0.01, g USygt41.M.418492 GTGACTGCGGAT CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_14_1_withindex_sequence 42.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_4 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Mother GAZ:United States of America n ggs400 ggs400 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 42 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 14 0.01, g TS6.418642 GTTGACGACAGC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_1_1_withindex_sequence None mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_1 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Mother GAZ:United States of America y ggs120 ggs120 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces None CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 1 0.01, g TS7.418860 TACGCGCTGAGA CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_1_1_withindex_sequence 26.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_1 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Twin1 GAZ:United States of America y ggs121 ggs121 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 26 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 1 0.01, g USygt25.B1.418792 TAAGCGCAGCAC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_16_1_withindex_sequence 11.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_6 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Brother1 GAZ:United States of America n ggs475 ggs475 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 11 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 16 0.01, g AmzC10adltF1.418809 TAGTGTGCTTCA CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_6_1_withindex_sequence 22.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -67.609 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 77.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_6 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina SisterAdlt GAZ:Venezuela n ggs309 ggs309 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 22 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 5.410833 6 0.01, g USinfTw4.1.418637 TACTACATGGTC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_2_1_withindex_sequence 0.17 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_2 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Twin1 GAZ:United States of America n ggs166 ggs166 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 0.17 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 2 0.01, g USygt3.T1.418429 GTTGACGACAGC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_12_1_withindex_sequence 14.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_2 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Twin1 GAZ:United States of America n ggs325 ggs325 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 14 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 12 0.01, g h186A.1.418741 GTAGCAACGTCT CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_3_1_withindex_sequence 2.02 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 35.3 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 2991.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_3 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Twin1 GAZ:Malawi n ggs37 ggs37 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 2.02 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 -15.38 3 0.01, g USygt30.T1.418821 TACACACATGGC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_16_1_withindex_sequence 14.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_6 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Twin1 GAZ:United States of America n ggs483 ggs483 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 14 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 16 0.01, g TS127.418550 GTATCCATGCGA CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_1_1_withindex_sequence 25.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_1 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Twin1 GAZ:United States of America y ggs125 ggs125 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 25 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 1 0.01, g h279M.1.418530 GTCATATCGTAC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_3_1_withindex_sequence 24.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 35.3 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 2991.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_3 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Mother GAZ:Malawi n ggs71 ggs71 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 24 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 -15.38 3 0.01, g h95B.1.418735 GTGTACCTATCA CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_4_1_withindex_sequence 1.25 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 35.3 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 2991.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_4 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Twin2 GAZ:Malawi n ggs105 ggs105 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 1.25 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 -15.38 4 0.01, g TS5.418546 GTGAGGTCGCTA CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_1_1_withindex_sequence 25.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_1 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Twin2 GAZ:United States of America y ggs119 ggs119 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 25 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 1 0.01, g h144A.1.418690 GCTTCATAGTGT CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_7_1_withindex_sequence 1.22 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 35.4 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 2564.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_7 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Twin1 GAZ:Malawi n ggs19 ggs19 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 1.22 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 -15.3 7 0.01, g USygt54.M.418445 TACACACATGGC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_15_1_withindex_sequence 49.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_5 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Mother GAZ:United States of America n ggs455 ggs455 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 49 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 15 0.01, g USygt12.F.418502 GTACGGCATACG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_12_1_withindex_sequence 45.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_2 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Father GAZ:United States of America n ggs336 ggs336 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 45 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 12 0.01, g USchp3Mom.418727 GTCTTCGTCGCT CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_2_1_withindex_sequence 29.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -75.164 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 39.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_2 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Mother GAZ:United States of America n ggs156 ggs156 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 29 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 39.95234 2 0.01, g TS27.418766 TACGGTATGTCT CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_2_1_withindex_sequence None mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_2 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Mother GAZ:United States of America y ggs164 ggs164 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces None CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 2 0.01, g USinfTw16.1.418781 GTGTGCTATCAG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_2_1_withindex_sequence 0.75 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_2 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Twin1 GAZ:United States of America n ggs180 ggs180 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 0.75 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 2 0.01, g USygt27.M.418861 TAGCGACATCTG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_16_1_withindex_sequence 46.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_6 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Mother GAZ:United States of America n ggs477 ggs477 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 46 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 16 0.01, g USygt19.B1.418817 GTGTCTACATTG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_13_1_withindex_sequence 9.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_3 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Brother1 GAZ:United States of America n ggs372 ggs372 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 9 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 13 0.01, g USchp33ChildB.418578 GTGACCTGATGT CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_11_1_withindex_sequence 7.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -75.164 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 39.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_1 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Child GAZ:United States of America n ggs197 ggs197 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 7 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 39.95234 11 0.01, g USygt49.M.418347 TAGTCGTCTAGT CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_17_1_withindex_sequence 44.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_7 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Mother GAZ:United States of America n ggs501 ggs501 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 44 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 17 0.01, g USygt29.T2.418768 GTGTACCTATCA CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_16_1_withindex_sequence 14.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_6 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Twin2 GAZ:United States of America n ggs482 ggs482 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 14 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 16 0.01, g USygt14.F.418375 GTCTACACACAT CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_16_1_withindex_sequence 51.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_6 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Father GAZ:United States of America n ggs465 ggs465 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 51 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 16 0.01, g h85S.1.418346 GTATGTTGCTCA CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_4_1_withindex_sequence None mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 35.3 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 2991.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_4 ENVO:human-associated habitat unknown Illumina Sibling GAZ:Malawi n ggs103 ggs103 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces None CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 -15.38 4 0.01, g USygt53.T1.418664 GTATGTTGCTCA CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_15_1_withindex_sequence 15.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_5 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Twin1 GAZ:United States of America n ggs452 ggs452 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 15 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 15 0.01, g USygt17.T2.418720 GTGTACCTATCA CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_13_1_withindex_sequence 14.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_3 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Twin2 GAZ:United States of America n ggs364 ggs364 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 14 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 13 0.01, g TS165.418862 TAGCATCGTGGT CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_1_1_withindex_sequence None mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_1 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Mother GAZ:United States of America y ggs130 ggs130 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces None CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 1 0.01, g AmzC16chldM.418509 TAGAGAGAGTGG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_6_1_withindex_sequence 3.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -67.609 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 77.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_6 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina None GAZ:Venezuela n ggs300 ggs300 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 3 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 5.410833 6 0.01, g USygt52.F.418555 GCTGTGTAGGAC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_15_1_withindex_sequence 47.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_5 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Father GAZ:United States of America n ggs424 ggs424 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 47 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 15 0.01, g USygt31.T2.418361 GTAGACTGCGTG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_16_1_withindex_sequence 14.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_6 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Twin2 GAZ:United States of America n ggs487 ggs487 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 14 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 16 0.01, g AmzC4chldM.418557 TAGCCTCTCTGC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_11_1_withindex_sequence 1.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -67.609 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 77.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_1 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Daughter GAZ:Venezuela n ggs223 ggs223 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 1 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 5.410833 11 0.01, g USinfTw6.1.418613 GTATGTTGCTCA CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_2_1_withindex_sequence 0.25 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_2 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Twin1 GAZ:United States of America n ggs170 ggs170 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 0.25 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 2 0.01, g USygt9.B1.418824 GCTTACATCGAG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_16_1_withindex_sequence 10.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_6 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Brother1 GAZ:United States of America n ggs457 ggs457 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 10 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 16 0.01, g AmzC5adltF.418439 GTGTGTGTCAGG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_6_1_withindex_sequence 20.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -67.609 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 77.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_6 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Mother GAZ:Venezuela n ggs316 ggs316 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 20 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 5.410833 6 0.01, g USygt42.T2.418716 GTCATATCGTAC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_17_1_withindex_sequence 14.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_7 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Twin2 GAZ:United States of America n ggs525 ggs525 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 14 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 17 0.01, g h209M.1.418510 TAGCGGATCACG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_3_1_withindex_sequence None mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 35.3 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 2243.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_3 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Mother GAZ:Malawi n ggs48 ggs48 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces None CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 -16.002 3 0.01, g TS9.418446 GCTGTGTAGGAC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_2_1_withindex_sequence None mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_2 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Mother GAZ:United States of America y ggs158 ggs158 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces None CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 2 0.01, g USinfTw11.2.418340 TACACGATCTAC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_1_1_withindex_sequence 0.5 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_1 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Twin2 GAZ:United States of America n ggs150 ggs150 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 0.5 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 1 0.01, g USygt34.T1.418567 GTACAAGAGTGA CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_15_1_withindex_sequence 16.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_5 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Twin1 GAZ:United States of America n ggs436 ggs436 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 16 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 15 0.01, g h279A.2.418836 GGCGACATGTAC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_3_1_withindex_sequence 0.95 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 35.3 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 2991.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_3 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Twin1 GAZ:Malawi n ggs69 ggs69 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 0.95 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 -15.38 3 0.01, g h35S.1.418568 GTCTTCGTCGCT CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_3_1_withindex_sequence None mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 35.1 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 2889.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_3 ENVO:human-associated habitat unknown Illumina Sibling GAZ:Malawi n ggs80 ggs80 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces None CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 -16.183 3 0.01, g USygt19.T1.418385 GTAGACTGCGTG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_13_1_withindex_sequence 14.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_3 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Twin1 GAZ:United States of America n ggs369 ggs369 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 14 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 13 0.01, g Amz1baby.418645 GCTTACATCGAG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_4_1_withindex_sequence 0.25 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -67.646 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 78.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_4 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Brother GAZ:Venezuela n ggs232 ggs232 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 0.25 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 5.425833 4 0.01, g USygt45.F.418753 GTCTATCGGAGT CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_15_1_withindex_sequence 52.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_5 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Father GAZ:United States of America n ggs445 ggs445 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 52 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 15 0.01, g TS109.418691 TAGCACACCTAT CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_2_1_withindex_sequence 28.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_2 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Twin1 GAZ:United States of America y ggs165 ggs165 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 28 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 2 0.01, g h165M.1.418394 GTACTCTAGACT CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_7_1_withindex_sequence 34.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 35.3 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 2243.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_7 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Mother GAZ:Malawi n ggs30 ggs30 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 34 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 -16.002 7 0.01, g USygt23.T1.418854 GTCTATCGGAGT CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_16_1_withindex_sequence 14.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_6 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Twin1 GAZ:United States of America n ggs473 ggs473 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 14 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 16 0.01, g F4T1pre4.418431 GTATGACTGGCT CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_11_1_withindex_sequence 23.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_1 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Twin1 GAZ:United States of America n ggs218 ggs218 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 23 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 11 0.01, g h208M.1.418731 GTGTACCTATCA CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_3_1_withindex_sequence 21.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 35.3 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 2243.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_3 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Mother GAZ:Malawi n ggs45 ggs45 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 21 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 -16.002 3 0.01, g h144M.1.418623 GTATGACTGGCT CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_7_1_withindex_sequence None mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 35.4 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 2564.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_7 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Mother GAZ:Malawi n ggs21 ggs21 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces None CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 -15.3 7 0.01, g USygt8.T2.418755 TAACAGTCGCTG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_12_1_withindex_sequence 15.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_2 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Twin2 GAZ:United States of America n ggs333 ggs333 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 15 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 12 0.01, g Amz16chld.418563 GTCGTAGCCAGA CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_5_1_withindex_sequence 1.67 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -67.646 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 78.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_5 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina None GAZ:Venezuela n ggs251 ggs251 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 1.67 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 5.425833 5 0.01, g Amz24chld.418412 GTTGTATACTCG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_5_1_withindex_sequence 7.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -67.646 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 78.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_5 ENVO:human-associated habitat unknown Illumina None GAZ:Venezuela n ggs253 ggs253 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 7 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 5.425833 5 0.01, g h78S.1.418712 TACTACATGGTC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_4_1_withindex_sequence None mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 35.3 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 2991.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_4 ENVO:human-associated habitat unknown Illumina Sibling GAZ:Malawi n ggs99 ggs99 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces None CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 -15.38 4 0.01, g USygt26.T1.418758 TAGGTATCTCAC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_14_1_withindex_sequence 16.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_4 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Twin1 GAZ:United States of America n ggs418 ggs418 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 16 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 14 0.01, g AmzC11adltF3.418391 GGCGTACTGATG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_6_1_withindex_sequence 60.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -67.609 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 77.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_6 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Mother GAZ:Venezuela n ggs286 ggs286 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 60 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 5.410833 6 0.01, g USygt40.M.418504 GTGTGCTATCAG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_17_1_withindex_sequence 49.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_7 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Mother GAZ:United States of America n ggs519 ggs519 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 49 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 17 0.01, g USygt42.F.418628 TAGATAGCAGGA CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_14_1_withindex_sequence 46.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_4 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Father GAZ:United States of America n ggs403 ggs403 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 46 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 14 0.01, g AmzC29adltF.418659 TAGATAGCAGGA CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_6_1_withindex_sequence 38.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -67.609 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 77.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_6 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina None GAZ:Venezuela n ggs308 ggs308 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 38 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 5.410833 6 0.01, g USygt23.T2.418458 TAGCTGAGTCCA CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_14_1_withindex_sequence 14.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_4 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Twin2 GAZ:United States of America n ggs410 ggs410 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 14 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 14 0.01, g USygt16.T2.418435 GTACTCTAGACT CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_13_1_withindex_sequence 13.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_3 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Twin2 GAZ:United States of America n ggs361 ggs361 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 13 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 13 0.01, g AmzC12adltF.418473 GTCTTCGTCGCT CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_6_1_withindex_sequence 40.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -67.609 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 77.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_6 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Mother GAZ:Venezuela n ggs289 ggs289 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 40 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 5.410833 6 0.01, g h259S.1.418715 GTCACGACTATT CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_7_1_withindex_sequence None mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 35.3 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 2243.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_7 ENVO:human-associated habitat unknown Illumina Sibling GAZ:Malawi n ggs62 ggs62 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces None CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 -16.002 7 0.01, g USygt24.M.418730 GTCTGGATAGCG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_14_1_withindex_sequence 43.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_4 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Mother GAZ:United States of America n ggs414 ggs414 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 43 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 14 0.01, g USygt13.T2.418745 GTCTATCGGAGT CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_12_1_withindex_sequence 14.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_2 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Twin2 GAZ:United States of America n ggs338 ggs338 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 14 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 12 0.01, g USchp25Mom.418780 GTAGCGCGAGTT CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_11_1_withindex_sequence 34.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -75.164 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 39.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_1 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Mother GAZ:United States of America n ggs195 ggs195 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 34 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 39.95234 11 0.01, g h128S.1.418536 GTCGTGTGTCAA CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_7_1_withindex_sequence None mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 35.3 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 2991.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_7 ENVO:human-associated habitat unknown Illumina Sibling GAZ:Malawi n ggs14 ggs14 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces None CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 -15.38 7 0.01, g h186S.1.418558 GTCTATCGGAGT CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_7_1_withindex_sequence None mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 35.3 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 2991.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_7 ENVO:human-associated habitat unknown Illumina Sibling GAZ:Malawi n ggs41 ggs41 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces None CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 -15.38 7 0.01, g USygt13.M.418644 GTATCCATGCGA CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_16_1_withindex_sequence 47.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_6 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Mother GAZ:United States of America n ggs459 ggs459 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 47 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 16 0.01, g USygt21.T2.418484 GTAGAGCTGTTC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_13_1_withindex_sequence 15.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_3 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Twin2 GAZ:United States of America n ggs377 ggs377 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 15 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 13 0.01, g USygt54.T2.418497 GTATATCCGCAG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_15_1_withindex_sequence 15.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_5 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Twin2 GAZ:United States of America n ggs426 ggs426 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 15 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 15 0.01, g h257S.1.418777 TAGCTCGTAACT CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_3_1_withindex_sequence None mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 35.3 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 2991.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_3 ENVO:human-associated habitat unknown Illumina Sibling GAZ:Malawi n ggs58 ggs58 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces None CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 -15.38 3 0.01, g USygt41.T2.418682 TAGCTGAGTCCA CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_17_1_withindex_sequence 15.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_7 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Twin2 GAZ:United States of America n ggs522 ggs522 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 15 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 17 0.01, g USygt29.T1.418673 GTCTCATGTAGG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_16_1_withindex_sequence 14.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_6 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Twin1 GAZ:United States of America n ggs481 ggs481 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 14 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 16 0.01, g USygt7.T2.418392 GTATCCATGCGA CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_12_1_withindex_sequence 13.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_2 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Twin2 GAZ:United States of America n ggs330 ggs330 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 13 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 12 0.01, g USinfTw18.1.418513 GGCGACATGTAC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_2_1_withindex_sequence 0.92 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_2 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Twin1 GAZ:United States of America n ggs183 ggs183 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 0.92 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 2 0.01, g USygt53.M.418452 GTCGACTCCTCT CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_17_1_withindex_sequence 47.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_7 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Mother GAZ:United States of America n ggs512 ggs512 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 47 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 17 0.01, g AmzC33adltF.418672 GTCATTCACGAG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_6_1_withindex_sequence None mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -67.609 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 77.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_6 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina None GAZ:Venezuela n ggs288 ggs288 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces None CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 5.410833 6 0.01, g Amz21chld.418413 GTACTCTAGACT CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_5_1_withindex_sequence 5.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -67.646 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 78.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_5 ENVO:human-associated habitat unknown Illumina None GAZ:Venezuela n ggs265 ggs265 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 5 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 5.425833 5 0.01, g USygt28.T2.418449 GTACTCTAGACT CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_16_1_withindex_sequence 16.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_6 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Twin2 GAZ:United States of America n ggs479 ggs479 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 16 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 16 0.01, g TS195.418848 TAACTCTGATGC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_1_1_withindex_sequence 56.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_1 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Mother GAZ:United States of America y ggs136 ggs136 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 56 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 1 0.01, g USygt38.T2.418456 GTAGAGCTGTTC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_17_1_withindex_sequence 17.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_7 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Twin2 GAZ:United States of America n ggs516 ggs516 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 17 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 17 0.01, g h186M.1.418788 GTATGCGCTGTA CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_7_1_withindex_sequence 32.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 35.3 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 2991.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_7 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Mother GAZ:Malawi n ggs40 ggs40 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 32 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 -15.38 7 0.01, g AmzC10adltF2.418591 TAGACTGTACTC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_6_1_withindex_sequence 24.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -67.609 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 77.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_6 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina SisterAdlt GAZ:Venezuela n ggs292 ggs292 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 24 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 5.410833 6 0.01, g USygt45.T1.418763 GTAGTGTCTAGC CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_14_1_withindex_sequence 16.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -90.225 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 169.0 8/1/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_565_lane_4 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Twin1 GAZ:United States of America n ggs407 ggs407 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 565 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 16 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 38.64699 14 0.01, g USchp1Child.418697 GGCGTACTGATG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_2_1_withindex_sequence 5.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -75.164 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 39.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_2 ENVO:human-associated habitat female Illumina Child GAZ:United States of America n ggs153 ggs153 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 5 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 39.95234 2 0.01, g USchp36Infant.418576 TACTAATCTGCG CCGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT yata@wustl.edu n Tanya Yatushenko CGS-GL s_1_1_withindex_sequence 1.0 mimarks-survey human 0 9606 human gut metagenome 0 -75.164 UBERON:feces yatsunenko_global_gut_illumina 39.0 7/25/11 pyrosequencing None 0.0 Run_559_lane_1 ENVO:human-associated habitat male Illumina Child GAZ:United States of America n ggs137 ggs137 CGS-GL y Jeffrey Gordon years y 850 PMID: 20534432; samples were amplified with a total of 96 barcoded primers; 14 pools were constructed and sequenced using HiSeq illumina paired end Human gut microbiome differentiation viewed across cultures, ages and families UBERON:feces 559 Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization. ENVO:feces ENVO:human-associated habitat None UBERON:feces 1 CGS-GL FWD:TTACCGCGGCKGCTGGCAC;REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT PMID: 20534432 39.95234 1 0.01, g